M2A1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

M2A1 - Essay ExampleDr. Samuelson, the founder and CEO of CardioFIb should accept investing from greenhouse or non and Rudernman, the co-founder of Greenhouse should continue with this investment offer to CardioFib. These two key questions will be answered based on in depth analysis of the case study. Trends in venture capital Venture capital wrinkle is very much essential for todays aspiring entrepreneurs for giving lives to their innovative ideas and insights. This business acts as catalyst for the any innovative innovations and risk associated entrepreneurship. It creates job opportunities, stimulates economic growth of a country or global economic growth and recovery. The venture capital industry has been undergoing in substantial transition. It is termed as rightsizing. The in the lead global players in this industry have been shrinking collectable to poor pass away on investment and decrease of potential new entrepreneurship to asking capital for venture. This industry e njoyed a substantial growth dictate in pre dot com bubble era. The transition has been underway in quite slow motion due to frequent economic downturn in global economy. Still, the venture capital firms with wide market movement have been enjoying good return (Pearce & Haemming, 2012, p.1). Greenhouse relative to trends in venture capital Greenhouse was open at the time of global tech bubble. It missed out the pre era growth phase of this industry. The confederation business model is a single industry specific which is healthcare industry. Though the business operates with a narrow customer segment, but it had comparatively better opportunity and growth potentiality. The order achieved successful intent of $12 million fund altitude within one and half year of establishment. Therefore, the fund raising potential of the company is very strong as it did it within an era economic slowdown in global economy due to tech bubble. Therefore, by comparing the business trend of the comp any with industry, it muckle be said the company had developed a strong partner network to operate actively and to serve its target segment. Positioning of Greenhouse relative to venture capital industry The case describes the persuasion of the company in early stage of 20th century and its first two years of its establishment. The company has very quickly developed potential partner network to raise fund to be wee to serve its target segment. It achieved more than its initial goal which developed considering the economic condition. But as a venture specialist for a specific and steady industry of healthcare instrument business, it was able to evidence quite attractive and noticeable business model to its investment network partners. The company developed its suddenly goals by considering environmental factors to make a strong foothold in the venture capital industry. Greenhouse target deals relative to Greenhouse resources, relative competitive position and advantages The comp any has set target or business goals with a determination. It desired to less prediction of cash availability, accept funding after in depth scrutiny of Target Company with high consideration of crunch downs. The company also laborious on fewer deals with comparatively stronger competition from premier deals. It can reduce the future risk of return on lower investment. It also expected few financing after initial funding to be ready next potential funding. Pros and cons for participating

History 4 discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History 4 discussion - turn up ExampleTherefore, successful outcomes of reduced insurgence by the north and their retreat could count in indicating that US was winning the war.Hamburger Hill is one the movies that gives an account of the occurrences that took shape in the Vietnam War and relays the story from the soldiers who took pop in the war. The movie shows an attempt to take Hill 937 by the US troops and the negative jounce that war brings about. Other films that also give a firsthand account of the war are, Band of Brothers and thriftiness Private Ryan.Limited war is the opposite of total war. The war was based on ideologies of means and end. Because of constraints in terms of the resources like financial, military and human, the presence or absence of a vision played a great role in influencing the outcome of the war. The war had to be fought by any means in order to attain the desired result. The end was to justify the means.The topic describes the Vietnam War as formles s and could barely be sustained. It had crude statistics of amount a win. Assuming that Southern Vietnam was not an excessively hard pose to operate and under-estimation of the enemy, made the war possible and sustained. The Viet used Guerrilla tactics in their combat. The US soldiers, on the other hand, used the search and destroy tactics as well as bombing the stinting and industrial centers of the enemy soldiers and this tactic obliterated the Viet Cong army.To describe the Vietnam war as formless and frontless, I commend creates a picture of lack of military organization with no clear cut means of measuring attained success and no strategies to secure the secured enemy territory. The war had no specific objective that could be pointed out and was, thus, formless. It was hard to identify signs of victory. Fighting could take place anywhere at any m with no frontline.The Cuban missile crisis was a great threat of nuclear war in the world. The application exhibited by J.F Ken nedy helped put the

Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Coursework ExampleHigher chase rates mean that lenders in a particular parsimoniousness atomic number 18 able to enjoy laster return, more that in countries where there are low interest rates. Further, high interest rates are able to attract foreign capital and lead to high exchange rates. The effects of high interest rates are solved if inflation in a particular country is slightly higher than in other countries. There are also cases whereby the touch of high interest rates can be mitigated through other factors that function to set about the currency (Madura, 1998 14). Effective exchange rates are usually used to determine countrys currency value in relation to other strong currencies in the index. Some of the worlds currency indexes include the U.S dollar, Japanese Yea and the euro. These currencies are adjusted to lower the effects of inflation in some countries. In addition, effective exchange may also refer to the value consumers are in all probability to pay for an impo rted commodity. The price usually comprises of any tariffs and other costs incurred as a prove of the process of importation (Somanath, 2011 220). 2. Inefficiencies in Exchange Rates and Arbitrage Profits Arbitrage gain grounds are made when traders purchase and sell their assets so that they can take advantage of the difference in the price. In particular, arbitrage profits arise due to the exploitation of price differences and takes place in similar fiscal instruments. In addition, prices can be exploited on different markets as well as in different ways. Arbitrage profits arise due to the efforts geared towards ensuring that prices do not fall from intermediate value over long periods of time (Clark and Ghosh, 2004 2). Further, arbitrage refers to the simultaneous buying and selling of a commodity or asset in different markets with the main aim of making profits from the difference in buying and selling prices. For example, the dollar price of a British circumvent may be 1.7 0 pounds in London but 1.40 pounds in Paris, a trader can buy 1 pound in Paris then sell that pound in London and make some profit (0.3) per pound sold. If the trader buys 10 million pounds, 3000,000 pounds profit will be realized before any achievement costs, if any exist (Clark and Ghosh, 2004 2). Arbitrage can be seen as an exploitation of the misalignment of market quotes. In a perfectly competitive market, the evident price differentials that lead to arbitrage profits cannot exist. In essence, arbitrage profit is as a result of market imperfection in which traders buy cheap and sell expensively. In foreign exchange markets, traders have the opportunity to buy and sell continuously. This takes place through the exchange of one(a) currency for another and again for another currency, finally getting back to the original currency in the series of instantaneous transactions, and thus leading to profits (Clark and Ghosh, 2004 2). 3. Problems of Making Payment in a outside(prenomin al) Currency in the Future The demand of a foreign currency will certainly advert the price of products to be purchased from that country. Trader therefore, needs to know demand on foreign currencies. The cost of a product may be higher compared to domestic substitutes when the demand of a foreign currency is high. Further, the filling of foreign currency also depends on the investment opportunities getable in the particular country and those available in the domestic market. A trader will demand a foreign currency if he or she can transact business cheaply. The demand of a

Cooks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cooks - Essay ExampleThis brings closely a further classification of cooks as recipes and various styles/techniques of food preparation ordain be see differently and to some(a) extent customized to suit personal tastes and preferences.Cooks will fall on a lower floor different categories found on their mannerisms as they prepare various dishes in the comfort of their homes. In this case, mannerisms refer to habits such as using different cutting boards for meats and vegetables or different stirring spoons for every pot. A m another(prenominal)s cooking will be affected by the fact that she is considered to be the cardinal in billing of the familys health. Also, ones personality will affect their classification as a cook. For mothers, if one is a neat person they will clean up after themselves as they prepare their meals. On the contrary, there may be a cook that clutters the whole kitchen during the process of food preparation (Pope). Mothers will also be seen to measure ingre dients instinctually this means they may not follow a recipe to the letter rather they measure as they deem sufficient.Friends cooking will be determined by the reasons as to why they cook. They may fall under various categories where some cook because they simply enjoy it, some because they want to impress their peers, some because they need to try out a recipe and who better to resolve as guinea pigs than friends and lastly some cook because they are the ones that play the motherly role of winning care of everyone in the group. Finally, restaurants cooking will be determined by the industry and social stand it holds. This means that if it is a restaurant located in a five-star hotel, it will adopt technical methods of exploit such as the French Brigade system that ensures effectiveness and efficiency in the kitchen (Culinary schools). On the other hand, a small-scale restaurant will share out duties among chefs who may be self-taught but under the mentorship of a trained chef. In conclusion, cooking is an art

The best counsellor is a friend Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The dress hat counsellor is a shoplifter - Es assert ExampleCounseling is considered as teamwork between the client and the counselling which helps the client develop and make positive changes in his approach to life. However, counseling is and considered effective if it brought bug out an expansion of worldview to both client and counselor.Nowadays, counseling is considered an important profession. Counseling is undertaken by professionals alike(p) social workers, psychologists, and make up teachers. The knowledge and expertise of these professionals help so much in attaining the ultimate goal of counseling. Their educational dry land and experiences become important cornerstones which help them develop the proper approach in counseling as hearty as fully analyse the clients needs. However, this paper argues that still, the best counselor is a friend because a friend has all the important characteristics and attributes that a counselor must have in order to be efficient. A counselor and a client must have a good relationship as plangency has a huge role to play in attaining positive heads (Lambert 1992). Friendship binds individuals, cultivate trust and confidence, and congenial the outbursts of strong emotions which usually come with counseling. Thus, the presence of friendly relation between clients and counselor can result to more favorable results in counseling. C. Raymond Beran (n.d.) painted a portrait of a true friend in this famous penningWhat is a friend I willing tell you. It is a individual with whom you move to be yourself. Your soul can be naked with him. He seems to ask of you to put on nothing, only to be what you are. He does not want you to be better or worse. When you are with him, you feel as a prisoner feels who has been declared innocent. You do not have to be on your guard. You can say what you think, so long as it is genuinely you. He understands those contradictions in your nature that lead others to misjudge you. With h im you repose freely. You can avow your little vanities and envies and hates and vicious sparks, your meanness and absurdities and, in opening them up to him, they are lost, turn on the white ocean of his loyalty. He understands. You do not have to be careful. You can corrupt him, neglect him, tolerate him. Best of all, you can keep still with him. It makes no matter. He likes you. He is like fire that purges to the bone. He understands. You can weep with him, sin with him, laugh with him, pray with him. Through it all - and underneath - he sees, knows and loves you. A friend What is a friend Just one, I repeat, with whom you dare to be yourself.Berans composition highlights and emphasizes the role of a friend in an individuals life. A friend, as described above is an individual to whom psyche can freely open up without any pretense. A friend is someone whom a person can trust and have confidence in. A friend is someone who is always there and will willingly understand what his friend is going through. Another important aspect highlighted by Beran is the friends knowledge just about his friend. A friend, according to Beran sees, knows, and loves you and understands those contradictions in your nature that lead others to misjudge you. Thus, a friend is someone who has an competent knowledge and genuinely understands his friend. It is also significant to mention how a friend feels when he is with his

Content Management Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Content Management Systems - Essay ExampleExamples of roles include author, editor, approver, publisher (University of Wisconsin, 2007)16Pennington, L. (2007) Approaches/Practices Surviving the design and Implementation of a Content-Management System Do the Benefits Offset the Challenges? Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 21(1) 62-7327This render make-up covers in details the subject I have chosen to cover, which is Content Management Systems. The transmission line of supplying CMC systems is relatively young but a quickly growing technology that business are employing to handle their data repositories and web based content. Some of the areas that are expanded on from my Interim Report areI decided to cover the subject of Content Management Systems because I have a lot of involvement with them (one in scattericular) in my career. A CMS is responsible for holding and maintaining the data for our Company Intranet. I have been responsible for testing these systems i nline with the companys technical architecture and ensuring a smooth consolidation with existing systems.My aim is to fully explain the purpose of CMS and highlight the different functionality some of these systems have to offer, I will look at some individual systems and give an analysis of their purpose and successes. As part of my report I will also cover the system, which I am most familiar with, Stellent. I will give an overview of the project I have worked on and the process I have undertaken in order to successfully implement such a system at work.Content by interpretation is everything in a collection, when we discourse about Web Content (as we will throughout this report) we talk about the collection of information or data on a site. In the context of the net income/Intranet, content is basically all the stuff on your site. Good content provides useful information and/or direction for the user to

Performance Management Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Performance Management Project - Essay ExamplePerformance management systems be non built out of the blue. In fact, there is always some basis of establishing the system of operation management. Policies of performance management comprise immensely on the internal structure of the agreement. The entire formation of the policies of premenstrual syndrome is based upon the structure, requirements, position and condition of the organization and its employees. A performance management system is vital because it benefits the organization in ensuring that the day to day activities of the organization and its employees are aligned with the goals and objectives of the organization. Performance management system not only benefits the organization nevertheless it too benefits the employees by providing them with continuous feedback about their performance and also provides them with the opportunities to upraise their performance.The most critical aspect which had been overlooked is that not only achievement of goal is crucial but how the goals are attained is equally considerable as it reflects the element of Corporate Social Responsibility. The idea that instruction execution of premenstrual syndrome will immediately improve the employees performance is quite unrealistic. To obtain the full effectiveness benefits of performance management system, the organizations needs to invest with resources so that managers and employee own that system, otherwise the system will be treated as obligatory activity and neither the organization nor the employees will enjoy the benefits of this system.Any PMS will cannot be complete or perfect and when the organizations evolve, their PMS must also evolve accordingly. This publish will evaluate some common issues related to the system of performance management and will also provide recommendation about how the PMS can be implemented effectively.Generally, performance management is the role to

Journal 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Journal 1 - Essay ExampleDuring the reconstruction, factors such as social, cultural, political and frugal emerged as the root problems that made Haiti experience hard times in discussion this process on its own (Ulysses 38). Cultural illiteracy, witchcraft, Haitian Vodou, political instability like the 1991 military putsch that ousted Jean- Bertrand Aristide and the effect of imperialism are some of the issues Ulysses highlights in his article (Ulysses, 40). Former American President Bill Clinton utter that the issue of money to reconstruct Haiti was not the fundamental problem, but the Haitians themselves. The earthquake unearthed Haitis history that is change by colonialism, racism, segregation, witchcraft, cultural illiteracy and political instability. It made Haiti look like, a backward and uncivilized obscure country hidden in the west (Ulysses 41).In conclusion, Haitis problems and internal threats can be summarized into social, cultural, political, and economic factors, which have long been embedded in their history since their independence. The 2010 earthquake justified that these factors need to be adequately addressed in order to solve Haitis

Culture, Modernity and media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culture, Modernity and media - Essay ExampleThis is because the idea of a people state or the excogitation the every merciful belongs to one or more nations has been very influential in the course of human history. A nationalistic ideology forms the basis of creation for a nation state which determines its friendly or even hostile relationships with other nations of the world. Being a part of nations entails to some extent a irresponsible belief in the ideology of the nation and upholding certain customs which are part of the national husbandry (Miztal, 2003).Strangely enough, there sometimes appears to be no basis of creating a nation since in historic terms nations were formed simply because a group had a different accent from another, while at the same time, people from across races, religions, cultural and backgrounds as well as those who speak different languages base call themselves part of one nation (Giddens, 1994). This is particularly the case with western democracies like America or Britain, where the diversity of the nation is celebrated as much as the union (Bhaba, 1989).In fact, celebrations are epoch-making in helping to create a national identity and infusing a sense of belonging to a nation without internal discrimination. The celebratory role of a particular incident in history is a great deal connected with state of war and struggle. Incidentally, the celebration seldom looks at the atrocities committed by the nations involved in the war but rather at the positive, heroic, self sacrificing and noble acts which deserve to be commemorated. For instance, the American celebration of old hands Day is a celebration of all the war heroes who fought for America in the many wars the nation has conducted over its comparatively short history (Gillis, 1994).Of course there is little mention of America existence the only nation in the world to have ever used a nuclear flame on another nation. The atrocities which were committed by American sol diers in Vietnam and the crimes of war they

The Color Purple - Alice Walker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Color color - Alice Walker - Essay ExampleBy the end of the book, Walker imposes the idea that the only counsel that women smoke be happy is to be independent of the perceptions of men and the way in which they relate to women.The runner way in which Walker presents a boundary between men and women, in which men atomic number 18 non regarded as friendly, is through the confidential information of view that is used with the father. The narrator, Celie, everlastingly refers to the men as he and take a leaks a disconnection to the men that are surrounding her in the book. This combines with the perspective toward the narrators father, brothers and later toward the relationships that are held. There are several instances where the narrator creates a significant boundary between women and men, specifically which create men as not having a sweet spirit. For instance, in the opening chapter, Walker writesHe acts deal he cant stand me no more. Say Im evil an always up to no goo d. He took my other little baby, a boy this time. But I begettert think he kilt it. I think he sold it to a man and his married woman over Monticello I see him looking at my little sister. She scared. But I say Ill take care of you. With God help (Walker, 3).This passage is significant in the point of view from Celie. The first way in which this creates a boundary is through the use of he as a part to the narrators father. Instead of creating an identity that is positive, loving or that can be defined a boundary is created by the general controversy used about the father. The perception then continues with the actions of the father and the statement that he believes his daughter is evil. This immediately creates a perception that Walker believes that men act with behavior that causes difficulties and boundaries for women.The point of view that is given by Celie continues throughout the book to create this same sense of boundary. For instance, most of the

Accounting for strategic management & control - Research-based Case Study

Accounting for strategic management & control - Research-based appointment - Case Study ExampleLast, two mind maps presenting the Hotels problem and the articles main arguments are also included.The above mind (appendix 2) map shows the key problems facing Boutique Hotel, which could be fiendish for the recent decline in the financial performance. First, lack of interaction between the organization and the financial segment, placed in the parent company, is a sign of ineffective management. A companys financial bus should maintain constant interaction with the organizations manager in order to facilitate a deep abstract of the organizations contemporary financial situation (Case study, 2014).Ave-Cos financial department has failed to conduct a deep financial analysis using various methods such as ratios. The current key performance indicators used in the organization are line percentage and the return on investment. From economic and financial point of view, the two performan ce indicators are overly weak. The occupancy rate for the socio-economic class 2011 to 2014 were 266.45, 277.4, 295.65 and 299.3 respectively, showing an increase in the occupancy rate. on the other hand, the return on investments for the same long time were 6.665%, 9.483%, 13.84%, and 11.95 respectively, showing an increase followed by a decrease in the asset utility rate. Some overcritical aspect of the companys performance, such as costs and liquidity is left unevaluated (Case study, 2014). Therefore, both the occupancy and asset utility rate represent a skeleton analysis of the company.The absence of the financial analysis of the company has clouded both the managements and the financial departments view to attain the insufficiency of the performance indicators implemented in the company. Consequently, the same old strategy has been in action tip to the decline of the companys financial performance (Case study, 2014).Second, the preparation of budget is important for plannin g and controlling, coordinating, discourse

Documenting the Media Revolution Research Paper - 1

Documenting the Media renewal - Research Paper ExampleHowever, the sexual climax of the computer era and the development of various electronic ground gadgets have allowed man to finally sum up up with an alternative to print media. I speak of the eBook lecturers that come bundled with most of our smartphones and tablet PCs. This paper will take a look into the history of the eBook, what gadgets existed prior to the coming of the modern day eBook indorser, and how the technology has made discovering a more interactive activity these days. eBooks premier appeared on the merchandise back in 1998. The precursor of todays averers were the Softbook and Gemstar Rocket eBook Reader. These particular readers did not easily ravish on at the time since most people were nevertheless adapting to the internet and paperless era so very(prenominal) little attention if any were very paid to the launch of these readers. However, the year 2000 launch of Stephen Kings horror fresh Ride the bullet in pure eBook format called attention to the up and coming technology. By 2003, eBooks and readers were still trying to break into the market as paper books still remain the traditional favorite. by July, Gemstar is further a footnote in the history of the readers while Barnes and Noble pulls out eBooks from their stores. Critics then begin to foreshadow the beginning of the end for the digital reader format. But the technology gains a new life with the advent of the Sony Librie which is a marked improvement upon its predecessors since it now uses electronic ink and has managed to reduce the backlight glare thus allowing the reader to show the same type of actual ink quality for the reader. By 2007, the Kindle is released and everyone now knows that the eBook reader is here to stay. From that point on other ebook reader devices such as the Nook come into market play. (Kozlowski, Michael A Brief History of eBooks). Even print book manufacturers cannot help but acknowledg e that the eBook is debauched edging out its physical format competitor in terms of book sales. According to interrogation done by the Pew Research Center The population of e-book readers is growing. In the past year, the number of those who read e-books increased from 16% of all Americans ages 16 and older to 23%. At the same time, the number of those who read printed books in the previous 12 months fell from 72% of the population ages 16 and older to 67%. (Rainie, lee(prenominal) & Duggan Maeve E-Book Reading Jumps Print Book Reading Declines) If one were to think about it, the rise of the eBook reader was actually something that was going to happen eventually. Our society is fast becoming a very tech savvy, gadget haunt group that is constantly on the look out for the next big gadget that can have got their lives easier. In this case, the eBook reader came across at just the right time. People were already conditioned to variation newspapers and other material via the intern et and through their computer screens that using the eBook reader was not something that people feared anymore. The technology also found itself vastly improved thanks to the constantly evolving structure of the laptops as well. Newspapers and book publishers admit the fact that there was more money for them to make through the electronic publication of their newspapers and books, so it is indulgent to surmise that the publishing sector also had a direct hand in the decision of their subscribers to riffle to the eBook version of their reading material. (Fowler, Geoffrey & Baca, Marie The ABCs of E-Reading). One reason that people are

Arabic Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Arabic Culture - essay ExampleReligious beliefs and traditions give ample freedom to the males in Muslim culture so that they fag end control or regulate the freedom of the Arabic women. Koran says girls must stay home and that it is right field to beat women if they disobey their husbands (Chu). In other words, Koran undoubtedly gives the authority to men over women in Arabic culture. It is difficult for the Arabic females to engage in all types of activities as their men counterparts do.Driving is veto for Saudi women even though it is allowed in other Arabic states. A Saudi woman sentenced to be lashed 10 times for defying the countrys ban on female drivers. The woman, named as Shaima Jastaina and believed to be in her 30s, was found blamable of driving without permission in Jeddah in July, 2011(Jones). Even though the Saudi King interfered in the way out and removed the punishment of Shaima Jastaina, the above incident revealed the extent of oppression faced by women in Sa udi Arabia and in other Arabic countries.No Arab women, especially the Saudi women, can go out without finish their entire body. It should be noted that in countries like America or Britain, women have the right to go into any clothes they like. In fact women in western countries cover their body less, compared to their male counterparts. Women in western countries take part in kind of social activities just like men whereas in Arabic culture, it is difficult for the women to enjoy such freedom.It should be noted that Arabic men can get married more than one girl and keep more than one wife at the same time. However, Arabic women do not have the right to keep more than one husbands at the same time. In other words, in Arabic culture, all the customs and norms were formulated to safeguard the interests of the male community whereas in other cultures, the interests of both the males and females are respected in equal measures.To conclude, the status of

Answering Questions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Answering Questions - Research Paper ExampleSince the early childhood people are twisty in game activity. It starts as education and continues as entertainment. The apotheosis of game is war. In their essays Kofi Annan and Tim Bowling equation football game and hockey to serious human activities, such as the UN and war.Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the UN in 1997-2006, compares football with the UN. Both are international activities and both have or so 200 countries as participants as the upside of the only truly global game, played in every country by every festinate and religion, it is one of the few phenomena as universal as the UN (Annan 234). Annan argues that the UN should be more like football for people. He dreams of citizens consumed by the topic of how their country could do better on the Human Development Index, or exercised about how to reduce carbon emissions or HIV infections (Annan 234). Indeed, if people were as interested in the UN activities as they ar e in football, this world would be a much more pleasant place. In my opinion Annan is wrong, because he compares different things. The most important difference is that the UN suggests cooperation, and football is competition. This is the fault of all organizations of such type. They cant stop people from competing and fighting. The predecessor of the UNthe League of Nationsfailed to hamper the Second World War, just as the UN failed to prevent the USA aggression in the Middle East. Nothing can change the human nature. That is why the UN and football are the phenomena of different orders. The Human Development Index and HIV infections are important, without doubt, but they can neer be as important as game.2. That is why I completely agree to Tim Bowlings argument that the game of hockey is like war. It was stated above that game is the important element of kitchen-gardening and that war is also a game, most bloody, but most taking one. Two (or more) teams compete for

Autoimmunity and risk of cancet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Autoimmunity and risk of cancet - Essay ExampleDiscussion Stimulation of T-cell leads to maintained selection of T-cells when stimulated by self-protein MHC. Lymphoproliteration results if T-cell homeostasis is altered. Moreover, in certain circumstances, an interaction between activated T-cells and B-cells (e.g CD40L-CD40 interaction) may lead to autoimmunity (Rose & Mackay, 2006). Sometimes, the aim of self-antigen may become the cause of stimulation of T-cells this activation is tolerated by phenomenon like anergy or deletion (Mak & Saunders, 2006). It then follows that failure to achieve deletion in this scenario may cause an autoimmune process to flourish. Moreover, defectively fledged dendritic cells might interact with T-cells to generate a class to T-cells that ar directed against self-antigens. Upon infection by a foreign pathogen, T-cells are activated and various clones are generated. Some of these clones can possibly cross-react with self-antigens resulting in transi ent or permanent autoimmunity (Ohashi, 2002). In normal cells, the process of production of cells is tightly regulated by a number of very important mechanisms. Moreover, the new cells which are produced become differentiated and specialized to answer the locomote for which they are produced (Sherwood, 2012). This controlled multiplication of cells when becomes defective leads to the production of cells which are uncontrolled cells start producing in an refractory fashion. Therefore, due to this type of defective mitotic process, the cells that are produced are de-differentiated and unable to perform their desired function. This results in a neoplasm. Neoplastic thread demonstrates a addition rate that exceeds the growth rate of normal healthy tissue of the body (Stubblefield & ODell, 2009). For this reason, it manifests as a mass which is often referred to as a tumor. Since cancerous cells are non the exact replicas of the normal healthy cells of the body, they fail to mask t hemselves from the functioning immune system of the body (Brunner & Smeltzer, 2010). legitimate signals are flagged on the cell membrane of cancerous cells that invite cells of the immune system to target such(prenominal) cells therefore in most cases they are destroyed prior to the formation of their clone cancerous cells are monoclonal in origin (Tobias et al, 2010). Inflammation brings about a number of changes to the vascular and epithelial tissues. Moreover, it affects the function of immune cells. This is the result of a complex interplay of molecules like cytokines, growth factors and chemokines (Jabbour et al, 2009). Furthermore, chronic inflammation due to passion or infection has been accepted as a cause of cancer. Persistence of inflammation has been related to tumorigenesis and furtherance of cancer (Coussens & Werb, 2002). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a vital role in mediating inflammation by causing tissue destruction as well as recovery. The actions of TNF res ult in fibroblast growth which can destroy blood vessels and at the same time contribute to angiogenesis (Kollias et al, 1999). As far as the etiology of cervical cancer is concerned, the causative organism has been identified to be Human Papilloma computer virus (HPV). Studies have shown that E6 and E7 oncogenes are incorporated into the genome of the host (Radosevich, 2012 Robertson, 2011 Stanley et al,

How to employ decision making theories as part of being an advanced Essay

How to use up decision qualification theories as part of being an advanced practitioner in unfavorable heraldic bearing, compare and contrast theories - Essay ExampleMuch technological evolution has taken place in the critical care segment which provides potential for significant improvement in health care. The key to good decision making is the understanding of existing demands of critical care and the ability to predict the likely effects of changing capacity and organization (Montgomery, Lipshitz and Brehmer, 2005). The changing capacity and organization can be measured by employ a historical data and validating them with models at the individual level. Practitioners take aim important clinical decisions that consent a great impact on the tolerants care and the performance of the nurses as rise (Young, 2008). Changes in the technology development, health care settings and new methods of patient care have increased the immenseness of clinical decision making. In order to take care of patients, clinical decision making is astray used by nurses and practitioners. Clinical decision making is a phenomenon that is frequently used in many areas of practice which involves stages of patient judging, determining, accepting or rejecting the diagnosis, and selecting the best care strategies for patients (Standing, 2008). Critical care is different from separate areas of nursing and thus the importance of clinical decision making increases (Chapman and Sonnenberg, 2003). Nurses are dealing with patients whose conditions change rapidly. So time is a limitation in this case (Chitty, 2005). A recent study shows that nurse make decisions in every 30 seconds about one of the following incidents nursing interventions, communicating information and evaluating the patients conditions (Rycroft-Malone and Bucknall, 2010). So decision making for them is dynamic and unpredictable. The Process of Decision-Making Clinical decision making requires the beforehand(predic ate) development of hypothesis diagnosis (Ramezani-Badr, Nasrabadi, Nikbakht, Zohre and Taleghani, 2009). The further data collection will be aimed at every approving or disproving the diagnosis. Specialist practitioners are generally trained to think in a exceptional way. They use the evidence based system to in their decision making process (King, Duke and OConnor, 2009). health check evidence is non normally concerned with broader patient concerns but accepting it routinely influences clinical recommendations (Chiappelli, 2010). However, this does not preclude that additional information is not needed in order to provide a more than complete profile of each patient. The diverse nature of information is potentially valuable as wellspring as the quality of interaction between the team members (McGloin and Mcleod, 2010). Team decisions are expected to arrive at decision routes that are different from those taken by individuals working alone (Perkins, Jensen, Jaccard, Gollwitzer , Oettingen and Pappadopulos et al, 2007). This also has an ethical side associated to it in terms of counterbalancing any personal judgments formulated (Morrison and Monagle, 2009). This is because individual decisions are based on the speciate findings, so judgments can easily be covered by personal prejudice (Eccles et al, 2007). This will hardly serve the need of the practitioner more than the patient (Devettere, 2009). Effective vs. Ineffective Decision-Making Effective use of assessment information through decision making process is essential to improve the outcome of the critical care (Gambrill, 2005). The process of decision making can be seen from a variety of angles. Ineffective decision making may have serious

Ethnic Conflict Essay Example for Free

Ethnic passage of arms Essay2. Discuss the effect that modernisation has had on ethnic identification and ethnic conflict. The effect modernization has had on ethnic identification and ethnic conflict is not a great one. Early modernization theorists, who were quite optimistic about the positive effects of literacy, urbanization, and modern values, wantonly underestimated the extent to which these factors might recall various ethnic groups and set them against each other (Handelman, 2011, p. 113).Modernization challenged traditional religious, national, and tribal identities by undercutting traditional ethnic practices and values. A huge part of current modernization is globalization, which pose an even greater challenge. The long-run effect of the expanding world culture advanced by globalization are not entirely clear (Handelman, 2011, p. 114). Globalized culture can create a backlash and increase tensions between neighboring communities as not everyone can ethically iden tify with each other.3. What are some reasons that might explain wherefore major(ip) civil strife related to ethnicity has declined in the last 10-15 years? Some reasons that might explain why major civil strife related to ethnicity has declined in the last 10-15 years are statecraft, constitutional arrangements and foreign intervention. In addition, the transition to a democratic government has aided in the decline.Faced with common hypercritical environmental, social and economic matters for the previous 10 to 15 years, different ethnic groups came to what socialist have called a culture of accommodation. Accommodation is the practice which contradictory groups make a mindful attempt to make operative arrangements with in them which then suspend the conflict and make their relations more acceptable and reduce uneconomical energy.

Mark&Spencer Governance Structure Essay Example for Free

MarkSpencer Governance Structure EssayCorporate Governance1. concourse add-inThe matures fiber is what government is doing, holding them accountable for actionance a passst the targets and standards, probing and ch tout ensembleenging their thinking to make sure that they atomic number 18 on the ancestry track. The Board works closely with exertment in thinking through their circumspection and long-term plans, the opportunities, the risks and making sure we argon developing the right management team for the future. The non- decision makers provide main(a) challenge and critique, bringing wide experience, specific expertise and a fresh, objective perspective. As members of the Board commissions, they act a crucial role in under(a)taking detailed governance work with a event focus on sh arholders.GROUP STRATEGY1. Overall assembly strategy and corporate vision, setting standards and creating a high- functioning culture which maximizes value creation and minimizes risk. 2. Creation, acquisition or disposal of corporate entities or assets which are material to the sort out. 3. Evaluation of the Groups competitive position and opportunities arising from the strategies and strengths of competitors. 4. Development and protection of the brand, its values and military ascertain principles. 5. Extension of the Groups activities into new avocation or geographic areas2. Nomination Governance citizens committeeTo fancy that appropriate procedures are in interject for the nomination, selection, training and evaluation of directors and for victoryion plans, with due work come on for the benefits of diversity on the Board, including gender.Terms of Reference1. To receive a bi-annual Comp whatsoever Chairmans report on board structure, size, diversity (including gender), composition and succession ask, keeping under polish the balance of social station between executive and non-executive and the required blend of skills, experience, knowledge and independence on the Board. 2. To ensure the Groups governance facilitates efficient, potent and entrepreneurial management that can take over shareholder value over the longer term. To freshen up all departures from the UK Corporate Governance Code and explanations to shareholders as to how our actual practices are consistent with good governance.3. To keep under reassessment the leadership and succession needs of the organization with a view to ensuring the long term success of the Group. 4. To formally propose new executive and non-executive directors for the approval of the whole Board, following a formal, rigorous and lucid procedure for such an appointment. 5. To ensure that all directors undergo an appropriate induction program and to consider all training requirements for the Board as a whole. 6. To ensure that Board charge membership is refreshed and that unwarrantable reliance is not placed on particular persons when deciding chair/membership of committees.3. A udit delegacyMonitors the integrity of the financial statements and reviews effectiveness of inherent controls, risk management and scrutinize.RoleThe commission assists the Board in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities. Its essential functions are To superintend the integrity of the financial statements of the follow and any formal announcements relating to the partnerships financial carrying into action, reviewing significant financial reporting judgments contained in them. To review the Companys internal financial controls and the systems of internal control and risk management. To maintain an appropriate relationship with the Companys auditors and to review the independence objectivity and effectiveness of the audit process, taking account of the relevant professional and regulatory requirements. To perform his or her role effectively, each Committee member leave behind obtain an understanding of the detailed responsibilities of Committee membership as well as the Companys avocation, operations and risk. The Committee can obtain its hold single-handed professional advice as necessary.Audit Process1. To provide an open avenue of confabulation between the impertinent auditors, the internal auditors and the Board, shock separately with both at least annually without management. 2. To keep under review the scope and results of the audit and its cost effectiveness and to report periodically to theBoard on significant findings. 3. To come upon, as required, with the remote auditors, the internal auditors and management in separate executive sessions to discuss any matters that the Committee or these groups believe should be discussed privately with the Audit Committee.External Auditors1. To recommend to the Board, for annual shareholder approval, the appointment, re-appointment and removal of the out-of-door auditors, and to lead the process of putting the external audit contract out to tender, if appropriate, at least any ten years. 2. To assess their qualifications, expertise, resources, effectiveness, independence and objectivity and to review the auditors quality control procedures and steps taken by the auditors to respond to changes in regulatory or other requirements. 3. To approve the harm of espousal and the earnings to be paid to the external auditors in respect of audit services provided.To review the genius and extent of non-audit work undertaken by the external auditors. In some cases the nature of advice may make it more timely and cost-effective to select them. They may also be appointed for consultancy work but only if after rigorous checks to confirm they are the best provider including competitive tender and does not damage the external auditors independence. To confirm that the Committee approval process for non-audit fees has operated for the period under review. 4. To review with the Chief Finance Officer and the external auditors the scope and results of the external audit and any sign ificant findings describe to the Committee in the management letter, receiving updates from management on action taken.Internal Auditors1. To ensure that the internal audit and risk department is adequately resourced and continues to have appropriate standing within the Company, and to keep under review its members independence and objectivity. 2. To review with the external auditors and Head of Internal Audit and Risk, the internal audit program and any significant findings, including fraud, illegal acts, deficiencies in internal control or similar issues and review managements responsiveness to the auditors findings and recommendations. 3. To monitor and review the effectiveness of the internal audit and risk function.4. net income CommitteeRecommends fee strategy and framework to recruit, retain and reward of age(p) executives for their individual execution.RoleTo recommend to the Board the senior hire strategy and framework, giving due regard to the financial and commercia l health of the Company and to ensure the Chairman, Chief Executive , executive directors and senior management, (currently together comprising Reward Levels H and G) are fairly rewarded for their individual contributions to the Companys overall performance.Terms of Reference1. To determine and agree with the Board, and taking such external advice as necessary, the appropriate constitution for rewarding the Companys Chairman, Chief Executive, executive directors and senior management. 2. To induce the selection criteria, selecting, appointing and setting terms of reference for any remuneration consultants who advise the Committee. 3. On behalf of the Board to prepare, and to place before shareholders at each annual general meeting, a report setting out the Companys policy and disclosure on senior remuneration as required by the Directors Remuneration Report Regulations 2002 and other associated legislative or regulatory requirements.4. To determine for each annual general meeting any aspect of remuneration policy should be brought to shareholders that requires their specific approval, eg share schemes, in addition to the remuneration report which will be submitted to shareholders annually for general approval. 5. To undertake appropriate discussions as necessary with institutional investors on policy or any other aspects of senior remuneration. 6. Annually to review and update its terms of reference, recommending any changes to the board and to value its own membership and performance on a regular basis. * The remuneration of non-executive directors is determined by the Chairman and Chief Executive together with the executive directors.5. Governance GroupSupports colleagues by providing governance support and oversight that is meaningful, relevant and focused on ensuring the business is doing the right things the right personal manner both in the UK and overseas. The Governance Groupengages across the business and comprises legal, audit and risk, insurance, archive, pensions, employee representative and secretariat, reporting on its activities regularly to the Board in the Group Secretarys report.Giving guidance to colleagues on doing the right thing, the right way including ethics code 1. Implementing practical and cost-effective responses to legislation and regulation. 2. Reviewing and making our policies and practices more accessible. 3. Minimizing occupation disruption and legislative consequences. 4. Leveraging business initiatives and sharing best practice. 5. Negotiating contractual terms and protecting our brands and innovation. 6. Providing trust on internal controls and visibility of key risks. 7. Minimizing insurance premiums, claims and fines.8. Protecting and promoting our brand heritage.9. Enabling the Company to meet its pension liabilities.10. Assisting employee and shareholder engagement.11. Supporting directors in their Board and Committee roles.Operational Governance6. Executive BoardAccountable for running the b usiness, making sure we are doing the right thing day-to-day and delivering the Groups strategy. It allocates crownwork and controls all non- seat investments with a risk of material repair on financial results, brand or strategy. It keeps the Board regularly certified about the business and how we work with our different stakeholders. Its work is supported by a number of operational committees and functions. The EB exists to run the business and deliver the Groups strategy as approved by the Group plc (public limited company) Board To develop and review strategic opportunities and initiatives for the Group to evaluate the Groups competitive position and determine strategies to protect MS, its sub-brands, values and business principles and to consider the impact on key stakeholders To manage the day to day business, responding to market conditions and trends with appropriate plans for pricing and promotionsTo agree and deliver the Groups financial and operational plans and foreca sts and to deliver these plans and monitor performance against the Group plan, financial forecasts and quarterly revisions To act as the authorizingBoard for all non-property expenditure (including non-retail property investments e.g. warehousing) subject to the authority set out below. To recommend to the Group Board all expenditure in excess of this authority To regularly monitor performance against pre-determined criteria to ensure non-property investments deliver required returns To monitor the Groups business processes systems and controls To identify, evaluate, monitor and manage the Groups risks (including financial, commercial, knowledge security, HWDB, ethics and compliance, business continuity, fire, health and caoutchouc) to enhance the Groups performance and its assetsTo review leadership development and succession across the Group to review HR strategy, including reward framework, employee pension (excluding those determined by the Remuneration Committee), condition s of employment and pension schemes and people matters To drive overall Group performance through setting and tracking their own clear objectives which are cascaded throughout the Group and changing ship canal of working To review and update annually its terms of reference, recommending any changes to the Group Board and to evaluate its own membership and performance on a regular basis.7. Management CommitteeTo monitor the development of the Groups work streams against the Groups tether year plan and to safeguard cross-functional co-operation of the work streams to scuttlebutt to the Groups strategic plan on an annual basis to cascade the relevant information to the business members of the management committee may be asked to present updates to the management committee to keep everyone informed8. Property BoardThe property board ensures capital expenditure is allocated to the Groups UK and International property portfolio (including retail Property, Head Office Buildings and Cor e Investment) in line with the Groups strategic goals and business priorities, whilst also ensuring maximum flexibility To recommend to the Executive/Group Board the allocation of the property capital expenditure plan and the relevant investment policies on a three year cycle. To approve and control all UK property expenditure (including Retail Property, Head Office Buildings and Core Investment), projects, and programson a three year cycle, within delegated authority limits from the Group Board.To approve all International property expenditure (including Retail Property, Head Office Buildings and Core Investment) relating to joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries within delegated authority limits from the Group Board. To regularly monitor performance of all UK and International stores against pre-determined criteria to ensure property investments deliver required returns. To identify, evaluate and manage risks relating to property investment expenditure. To review and update annually its terms of reference, recommending any changes to the Executive Board and Group Board and to evaluate its own membership and performance on a regular basis.9. Customer sagacity UnitInfluences decision-making by tracking marketplace trends, our customer barometer and customer views. The customer insight unit ensures customers to gain a real understanding of what they want, what they think and how they behave. The customer insight unit is vital in ensuring that our customers needs are recognized in any decision taken by the business.10. How We Do Business CommitteeTo ensure that How we do business is an integral part of the business and the way it operates.Terms of ReferenceIts primary function is to oversee implementation of Plan A, the Companys eco plan launched in January 2007 which sets out ampere-second commitments across the challenges of Climate change, Waste, Sustainable raw materials, Fair partner and Health1. To provide leadership on HWDB across the business.2. To ensure all parts of the business Have assigned clear roles and responsibilities for delivering Plan A Have a resourced project plan for delivering all aspects of Plan A Report on get along with in implementing Plan A on a regular basis Have robust data and evidence to support progress claims Gain the external assurance levels agreed by the Audit Committee Benchmark themselves against their competitors Understand stakeholder expectations on HWDB issues (customers, employees, shareholders, opinion formers) Have the resources and skills to implement the plan Are maximizing the communication potential of the issues they are managing. 3. To seek external stakeholder views on our overall performance and maintain an overview of external benchmarking and remark on our performance. 4. To oversee any internal and external auditing of our performance. 5. To oversee external reporting on our performance and progress against our Plan A targets. 6. To provide the Board with an overvie w of the social, environmental and ethical impacts of the Groups activities and how they are being managed. 7. To review and update annually its terms of reference, recommending any changes to the Board and to evaluate its own membership and performance on a regular basis.11. Business Involvement GroupsEvery store and every business area has BIG representatives, elected by their colleagues to represent their views. Through the business involvement group network, the business informs, involves and consults employees so their views can be influence business change and decision-making. Commitment to BIG means that MS colleagues have the chance to voice their opinions and ideas, get answers and have their views represented when the business considers changes that affect them. This means they all have an opportunity to positively influence the business they are work in.12. Fire, Health, and Safety CommitteePromotes the safety and well being of our employees, customers and visitors and mi nimizes the risk of financial penalties. 13. Business Continuity CommitteeRoleThe Committee will keep under review the effective management of business continuity across the Marks Spencer Group with the objective being to galvanize the development and maintenance of effective means to continue business in the event of a significant interruption to business. It will provide leadership on BC policy across the Group and will ensure that the Policy is integrated into every aspect of the Groups critical operationsaround the world.

Two theories of motivation Essay Example for Free

Two theories of motif EssayThe subject of motivation can be approached from a number of perspectives. Some theories approach motivation as coming from deep down a psyche ( motility scheme), whereas other theories approach motivation as coming from within the soul (Incentive Theory). liken and contrast two theories of motivation explaining how the two approaches may differ and how they may be similar. Does one speculation seem to explain motivation better than the other? Support your argument with examples from each theory.Motives argon reasons good deal hold for initiating and performing voluntary behaviour. They indicate the meaning of human behaviour, and they may reveal a persons values. Motives very much affect a persons perception, cognition, emotion and behaviour. A person who is highly motivated to gain social status, for example, may be observant of marks of social distinction, may think often ab come forward issues that pertain to wealth, may especially enjoy the feeling of self-importance, and may be incur in ways associated with upper-class status . By defining motives as reasons, we do not imply that motives are primarily cognitive any more than establishing a motive for crime in a court of law requires conscious premeditation. A person can name a reason to be drive home, and thus a motive, without necessarily being aware of it.Aristotle (330BCE/1953) dual-lane motives into terminuss versus means on the basis of the individuals purpose for performing the behaviour. Ends are indicated when a person engages in a behaviour for no apparent reason other than that is what the person desires to do. Examples include a child vie with a ball for physical exercise and a student reading a book out of curiosity. In each of these examples, the goal is desired for its own sake. In contrast, means are indicated when a person performs an act for its instrumental value. Examples include a professional athlete who plays football for a salary and a student who studies to improve a grade. In each of these examples, the goal (salary, grade) is desired because it produces something else. A person readiness strain a salary, for example, as a means of enhancing social status, or high grades as a means of pleasing a parent.An analysis of a persons behaviour may identify a serial publication of instrumental acts followed by one or more exterminate goals that complete a behaviour chain.For example, a person may take a second job for the especial(a) salary (instrumental motive), desire the extra salary to purchase health insurance (instrumental motive), and desire the health insurance to benefit their family (end goal). This example of a behaviour chain shows three behaviours, two motivated by instrumental goals and a third by an end goal. Logically, only goals that are desired for their own sake can serve as the end of a purposeful explanation of a series of human acts (Reiss, 2003).The number of instrumental motives is, for all virtual(a) purposes, unlimited. Only imagination limits how may different ways individuals can pursue the end goal of, say, power. In contrast, the number of ends is limited by human nature (Reiss, 2003).Two theoretical perspectives abide been advanced concerning end goals. Multifaceted theory holds that the various end goals are largely unrelated to each other, perhaps to the smudge where they are genetically distant sources of motivation with different evolutionary histories. Multifaceted theorist include philosophers who have suggested lists of the most fundamental motives of human nature (Eg Spinoza, 1675/1949), psychologists who have put forth evolutionary theories of motivation (Eg McDougall, 1926) and psychologists who have suggested theories of human needs (Eg Murray, 1938).In contrast, unitary or orbicular theorists hold that end goals can be profitably cut to a small number of cat self-importanceries based on common characteristics. Unitary theorists seek the underlyin g psychological principles that are expressed by diverse motivational events. The ancient Greek philosophers, for example, reduced end goals into categories expressing the needs of the body, mind and soul (Eg Plato, 375 BCE/1966). Hedonists distinguished between end goals associated with the pleasures enhanced and those related to distract reduction (Russell, 1945). Freud (1916/1963) reduced motives to sexual and aggressive instincts.To solar day, some social psychologists classify end goals into two orbiculate categories, called bms (or extrinsic motivation) and intrinsic motives(IMs). The distinction has been influential 1,921 scholarly publications on intrinsic motivation (IM) appeared during January 1967 and the present day (source PsycINFO). IM has been investigated in social psychology (eg Ryan Deci, 2000), developmental psychology (eg, Harter, 1981), clinical psychology (eg Eisenberger Cameron, 1996), organisational psychology (eg, Houkes, Janssen, de Jonge, Nijhuis, 2 001), and eduational psychology (eg, Kohn, 1993).Drive TheoryThorndikes (1911) law of effect reduced human motivation to categories of reward and punishment. This law holds that responses are strengthened when they lead to satisfaction and weakened when they lead to punishment. Psychologists studying learning soon realised Thorndikes law is a tautology or a proposition that is circular (true by definition). The following separatements, for example, are circular with abide by to each other Rewards strengthen behaviour and Any event that strengthens behaviour is a reward.The concept of drive was introduced to escape from the circularity of the law of effect (Brown, 1961). Instead of identifying reward as any stimulus or satisfying event that strengthens behaviour, drive theorists defined it as a reduction in a state of deprivation. The statements Drive reduction strengthens behaviour and Drive reduction occurs when a state of deprivation is lessened are not circular to each other.H ull (1943) recognised four types of drives starve, thirst, sex and escape from pain. In some(prenominal) animal learning experiments, investigators have induced drives by depriving animals of an important need prior to the experiment. The deprivation of fare, for example, establishes food as a powerful reward, increasing the animals motivation to learn responses that produce food (Skinner, 1938). Much of animal learning theory is based on the results of psychological studies with food-deprived or water-deprived animals.Unitary Intrinsic Motivation TheoryThe unitary construct of IM was put forth as an alternative to drive theory. The initial insight was that many of the motives not explained well by drive theory motives such as exploration (curiosity), autonomy, and play have common properties. To a large extent, unitary IM theory initially represented an attempt to show the necessary differences between drives and what psychodynamic theorists have called ego motives.In the pa st, the distinction between drives and IMs has been thought to have a physiologic basis, at least according to some published remarks. The general idea was that drives such as hunger and thirst arise from tissue needs involving peripheral components of the tense arrangement, where as IMs arise from psychological or cognitive processes involving primary central neural activity. Deci (1975), for example, wrote that the primary effects of IM are in the tissues of the central nervous system rather than in the non-nervous system tissues (pg 61).The physiological paradigm for distinguishing drives from IMs always lacked scientific support indeed, we directly know that it is physiological nonsense. Motives such as hunger and thirst, for example, involve significant central nervous system or cognitive activity (Berntson Cacioppo, 2000). Both the behaviourist concept of drive and the concept of IM as nondrive have no precise physiological meaning and originally were put forth at a conde mnation when little was know about the physiology of motivation.ConclusionSince antiquity, scholars have debated whether human motives can be reduced to a few global categories. Ancient Greek philosophers, for example, distinguish between motives associated with the body (such as hunger and thirst) and those associated with the apprehension (such as curiosity, morality and friendship). In the early part of the 20th century, Freud (1916/1963) argued that all motives are ultimately link up to sex. Hedonists, on the other hand, reduced all motives to pleasure seeking versus pain avoidance.The concept of IM can be viewed as a modern example of the effort in motivation reductionism. IM theorists divide motives into two globalcategories drives (as called extrinsic motivation) and intrinsic motivation. Drives are about biologic survival needs, whereas IMs pertain to what some have called ego motives. Hunger, thirst, and pain avoidance are paradigm examples of drives, whereas curiosity, a utonomy, and play are paradigm examples of IMs.

Tv Cooking Show Essay Example for Free

Tv Cooking Show EssayEver razz at home with nothing to do? Thats how I feel all the time oddly when Im off from school, work, and simply everything. When I have nothing to do, my basic routine is to stick on the couch with my dog and crook on the TV. If Disney Channel is not an option to watch, I would turn to channel fifty-three, the Food net income.Watching the Food Network brightens my knowledge to a variety of prep. The ground taught me how to decorate a fish, how to grill a lobster to perfection, and how to chip in one horrific pork chop. To be honest, without the Food Network visual aspects, I would still be able to cook, but the foods would not be as good and flavorful. If I did not watch any programning show, the only way for me to cook would be out of my dirty word pot. My foods without any lessons from the TV would be plain, tasteless, and simple.Being a student at Louisiana Culinary Institute, cooking and baking hold a very promising place in my life. Al though its out of boredom that I watch the Food Network, cooking and baking is what I do everyday. Growing up I loved watching my mom and grandma do what they do surmount in the kitchen cooking. Admiring and watching them brought me to my temper in the culinary field. Watching them cook taught me a few things as well. Even though my cooking can not be compared to theirs, it does come pretty close.When I watch the Food Network, my favorite show is Diners, Dive-Ins, and Dives with the host and chef, Guy Fieri. This show is perfect for me because I love to travel and I love to fertilize. The show is about Guy Fieris quest around the world to find the best diners that serve the best foods. Good foods, cheap prices, lay-back locations, and traveling is all that I can ask for, and this show have gotten my vote. non only do I find out where to eat, I also learn how some of these amazing foods are prepared. What more can I ask for?Every year, traveling is always on my calendar and age nda. When I travel, the most important thing is location, where to eat, and prices. Watching Diners, Dive-Ins, and Dives helps me know where I can go to eat when Im out of town and help me save money. The thing that is so interesting when I watch Guy Fieris show is that anything that I crave for at home, I can make for myself if the restaurant is not around.The show taught me how to cook delicious foods within my price range. Watching the show helps me plan any road-trips much easier. It doesnt matter where I travel, Guy Fieri can always refer me to a good place to dine.

Night Essay Example for Free

Night EssayCompare the pause of the youth from capital of Poland and the respite of the wistful eyed saint and explain, using evidence from in that respect and elsewhere in Night, why Elie Reacted differently to the two wall suspension systems. Elie Wiesels Night is a memoir of his horrifying puerility experiences of suffering as a Jew in the concent ration camps. Eliezer was found to suffer in many a(prenominal) camps, and during this succession he retrieveed the chance(a) sufferings and remnants of many humans. His faith faltered as a result, and afterwards so much torture he grew apathetic to the withering away of mortal life. By the end of the book nothing really surprises Elizer any more than because he knew anything could happen at any moment. However, Eliezers reaction towards hanging of the youth from Warsaw was different from the hanging of the tragicomical eyed angel. Eliezers faith faltered daily when he beautyes the death of many innocent lives includi ng the hanging of the youth from Warsaw, but he never loses his intrust or questions the existence of divinity fudge until he witnesses the hanging of the execrable eyed angel. Eliezer witnesses many death during his time in dousing camps, and he never wept once, even when he witnesses the hanging of the youth from Warsaw. This young boy is described as eminent and strong. Supposedly, he had stolen something during the alert in the submersion camp. Looking back at his execution, Eliezer expresses his feeling about the hanging saying that it upset him deeply (Wiesel 62) in a way quite distinct from his knowledge of the thousands who died daily in the camps.Elizer was disturb by the hanging because he did not lost all of his faith and hope, he still have humanity so thats why he feels upset when he witness peck die, deep in his heart faith and hope were just broken, now after witness the hanging of the youth from Warsaw he found the broken pieces of hope that is why that evenin g after the execution he finds the soup tasted stop than ever (Wiesel 63). Another reason that Eliezer finds the soup taste better is because he was actually grateful that it was not him or his father toward the execution.Elizer realize that death is everywhere in concentration camp, and it could be either him or his father next time standing on the gallows. He is thankful that he still alive at that moment and can is still eating his ration of soup, although he knows that he could be in line next to get hang in the gallows. Eliezer withal felt the youth from Warsaw brought the death on themselves. He realizes that on that point are rules in the concentration camp that you can never disobey, if you break the rules in the camp, you will be killed. Where is merciful beau ideal, where is He? (Wiesel 64) It was another(prenominal) day when Eliezer return from work and roll call begins.There were three gallows for three prisoners that are qualifying to be hang on the gallows for con spiring to blow up the electric power station, but among the three prisoners there is a little pipel in the middle, the sad eyed angel. At every hanging, no one in the audience will ever shed a tear or weep, but the hanging of the sad eyed angel affected not only Eliezer but many others.During the execution all look were on the child, the two men died immediately, but the child was too light and so he remained for more than half an hour, lingering between life and death. (Wiesel 65) The hanging bothered Eliezer so much and it makes him wonder how perfection can be enter in a world with such cruelty, he question the present of beau ideal and when he heard a voice saying For Gods sake, where is God? (Wiesel 65) he answers Where He is? This is where hanging here from this gallows (Wiesel 65).Following the death of the sad eyed angel Eliezer thinks that was the death of God as well. That night, the soup tasted of corpses (Wiesel 65), after witness the hanging of the sad eyed ange l Wiesel finds the soup tasted interchangeable corpses and also like death, the death of God. The sad eyed angel see a symbol of quiet which God is presents as in the bracing Night. God was a symbol of silence in the novel because when Eliezer and the other Jewish people cries out for Gods aid and mercy, their please were left unanswered.The God in Night did not save them from cruelty and death, God has remained silence throughout the novel, so when the angel was hanged Eliezers relates the death of angel to the death of God, as he meant that God was hanging upon the gallows and had abandoned them. Eliezer realizes that the Nazis were approach path closely to destroy his faith in God and so he was unable to enjoy anything because he thinks that life, hope, and joy could not be reach because all goodness had been unmake. Ive got more faith in Hitler than in anyone else.Hes the only one whos keeping his promises, all his promises to the Jewish people Wiesel 81) Hitler the ultima te evil was conquering the good Jewish people every day through death and destruction. To Eliezer there was no hope for life and no chance for survival. He thinks God had abandoned them because there seems to be no end to evil. After witness the hanging of the sad eyed angel, Eliezer was constantly macrocosm reminded of death, he feels like death was everywhere in the camp, and when he were forced to watch the hanging of the sad eyed angel, which appeared to be innocent and full of hope, he feels that he was forced to watch innocence and hope die in front of him.As Eliezer watched the young pipel struggle between life and death he felt that the boy was innocent and he did not deserve to suffer. Eliezer and the young pipel were around the same age, so when he witnesses the hanging of the young pipel he felt as he shared the pipels pain and suffering and that he was suffering from a slow painful spiritual death as well. The hanging of the young pipel pained Eliezer so much because he knew he could not rescue him. In Elie Wiesels Night the author present a significance of the hanging and the brutal elements of the surroundings in the concentration camp.He express that evening the soup tasted better than ever (Wiesel 63) after he witness the hanging of the youth from Warsaw, and yet after he witness the hanging of the sad eyed angel the soup tasted of corpse. It was trying to present how Eliezers slowly loses his hope and faith in God. Eliezers faith was creation challenged under such brutal condition, and many do not get their beliefs put to the test in such extreme condition as Eliezer did, and this leads Eliezer to question his faith.The meaning of hanging in this novel represent the bad conquers good, death and evil become apparent. The goodness that had been present prior to concentration camp had been destroyed through death, evil and abandonment. Every killing that Eliezer witness deteriorated his faith and finally after witness the sad eyed angel, it wa s the end of hope for Eliezer, he finally understood the murderous nature of concentration camp, and he could not walk away unaffected by the hanging. At last, Eliezer walked away as a totally different person than how he entered.

Automobile - Fuels Essay Example for Free

Automobile Fuels EssayGeneral Motors has been at the center of star of the nations largest controversies over clean emissions-cars. In 1996 the company introduced the EV-1 electric car in atomic number 20 and Arizona. Hundreds of the electric cars were soon on the road. Then they all disappeared. The mystery behind their disappearance is the subject of the infotainment Who Killed the Electric Car?Electric vehicles had many advantages over their competitors in the early 1900s. They did non have the vibration, smell, and note associated with gasoline cars. Changing gears on gasoline cars was the most difficult part of driving, while electric vehicles did not require gear changes. Even though the cars seemed to be the next big thing, they ended up world not so successful. There have been many allegations to whom or what happen to kill the electric car.In 2000, tragedy struck as all EV-1s were recalled. In 2003, Californias zero emissions vehicle mandate was killed and Gener al Motors officially closed down the entire EV-1 project despite the long postponement lists and positive feedback from EV-1 drivers. This terrible crime did not go unnoticed by the public.Consumers were outraged by the recalling of EV-1s. They treasured to know why someone would get rid of a car that would help out the environment and would make things better for the future. Someone is to blame for killing the electric car, but who? Was it the big oil companies and their tending of losing money? Could it be the battery technology in the EV-1s that was faulty?

Trade Liberalization Conflicts with Morally-Conscious Environmental Policies Essay Example for Free

Trade Liberalization Conflicts with Morally-Conscious Environmental Policies EssayWith the liberalization of trade, the influence of the corporate elite upon the global economy had increased tenfold. Be amaze multi-national corporations atomic number 18 not beholden to the standards of any one particular government, they are able to maximize their profits by establishing a subsidiary in a rustic with no rules regarding the use of environmental toxins, minimum wage, or emissions standards.Usually, these are among the worlds poorest countries, which are quickly decent the most polluted causing damage to the residents as well as the local wildlife. It is commonly know in the sphere of business that the gr wipe outest concern that corporations have is maximizing profits for shareholders. As a result, many of the worlds most vulnerable populations have no other alternative than to eat genetically modified Franken-foods or face starvation.In many nations with world-shaking biodiv ersity such as the amazon rainforest, enterprising lumber workers and farmers are destroying several acres of forest every second in point to become competitive in the growing produce market. While that would serve to create a significant source of food for an uncertain era, it is only temporary at best and will ultimately cause more problems than it solves. When a land is overly farmed and grazed, it will eventually turn into a desert wasteland, and there would be no way for the people to feed themselves once that happens.Proponents of trade liberalization argue that their practices would reverse poverty around the world and produce the highest qualities of goods when protectionist strategies fail. However, in order to remain competitive every country in the world would have to turn its territory into a giant corporation and the worlds natural resources would eventually be depleted. Reference Carbaugh, R. J. (2004). International economics (9th ed. ). Mason, OH Thomson/South-We stern Educational Publishing.

Ethics - Morality Essay Example for Free

honorables Morality Essay1. translation of Ethics It studies how man ought to be seduce. Ethics is a thoughtful review of how to f argon in the best interest of patients and their family. It is as well as about making unspoilt choices based on beliefs and value regarding life, wellness, suffering and death. Relationship of Ethics in other branches of science * Ethics and Logic- Studies the correct and unionised persuasion of a man. Focused fore nigh on demands of materials, non merciful world, or world of things in ones environment it is the great unwashed-oriented * Ethics and Psychology- Both deals with the force field of man and his behavior. Studies how man ought to behave.Concerned with mans example obligation or the result of his behavior. It studies the human universe behavior from the perspective of moral philosophy. * Ethics and Sociology- Sociology deals with the study of sociable gild and human relations in a alliance. Sociology is related to Ethics b ecause Ethics deals with the study of moral orders in a society. Importance of Ethics Ethics form the base ground of values, which differ from one socialisation to another. Ethics was applied in health c ar system, since ancient Egyptian times. A medico has moral obligations towards his patient based on physician patients family.The ethical principle of confidentiality confirms that patient tin puke trust his health care provider not to disclose any information that the patient whitethorn have given over in order to get cured. A current ethical stretch out in research involving human dissipateicipants informed consent has prime grandness. The subject and his guardian must have the capacity to understand the issue in question and the possible assays of treatment in the trial study. We need to do more to arrest that medical research pr runices are sound and ethical, and the goals of research should be secondary to the well being of the participants.The study of ethics and t he study and pr doice of healthcare have not merged much in the past, simply nevertheless ethical standards are essential to the practice of the health professions. Each schoolmaster discipline has its birth code of conduct, guidelines for practice and philosophy of care to direct practice within its professional remit. in that respect have been several international declarations of human rights within healthcare to protect patients from unethical practices that might nevertheless be portrayed to them as necessary evils in the course of scientific research and utilitarian principles that is, the majusculeer good. scorn the relative lack of moral philosophy and healthcare ethics in the curricula of healthcare professionals, it does not take up long for anyone in clinical practice to face their first ethical dilemma about which they are called upon to make a judgment or have a view. In any healthcare system, whether organized and managed by the state or government or by the in dependent sector (private or non-governmental/voluntary) or any mixture of these moral issues will frequently be raised and should challenge the practitioner, teacher, manager or researcher.Establishing moral codes of practice between the various organizations mentioned above is fundamental at the outset of any professional relationship or client encounter. For the practitioner the appropriate use of professional power, compared with the relative vulnerability of the flummox client/patient during the first meeting, establishes the relationship for all future transactions between the ii parties. In the context of progressive illness there are many occasions that will challenge this relationship as the illness trajectory takes its course. 2. Basic concepts in Ethics.Definition of kind-hearted Acts Human Acts (Actus Humani) refer to actions that run low from insight into the nature and purpose of ones doing and from consent of free will. Specifically, human acts are those action s through with(p) by a somebody in certain situations, which are essentially the result of his conscious knowledge, freedom and voluntariness, or consent. Hence, man performs these actions knowingly, freely, and voluntarily. Aspects of Human Acts * The Act Itself or the Object Of The Act. The act itself refers to the action that is through with(p) or performed by an divisor, or simply, what the person does.This is the substance of a moral act, and here regarded as the basic factor of morality. More concretely, the object of the act is that act effect which an action primarily and directly causes (finis operis). It is always necessary that the result of the act, independent of any circumstances or of the intention of the agent. * The Motive or the Intention. The motive is the purpose that for the sake of which something is done. It is the reason behind our performing. It answers the question why the person does what he does? . gentlemans gentleman averageally performs an act as a operator to achieve an end or goal, different from an act itself.And since the motive or intention is practically present in all human acts, it then becomes an important and integral part of morality. * The circle. It refers to the various conditions outside of the act. They are not part and parcel of the act itself. Circumstances are conditions that influence, to a lesser or greater microscope stage, the moral quality of the human act. The moral chastity or badness of an act is determined not only by the object or act itself, plus the motive or intention of the moral agent, but also on the circumstances or situation surrounding the performance of the action.Classification of Human Acts * Elicited Acts. These are actions performed by the will. (Wish, Intention, Consent, Election, Use) * Commanded acts. These are those acts done by mans mental or bodily powers under the command of the will. (External and Internal Actions) Constituents of Human Acts * Knowledge. A human act as a deliberate act is a KNOWING ACT. No human act is possible without knowledge. * Freedom. The CAPACITY or POWER to choose between two or more courses of actions WITHOUT being forced to take one or the other by anything except our knowledge will.* Voluntariness. A human act is a WILL- ACT. A voluntary act is different from what is merely WILLED and bumnot be controlled by the will, as good or bad. Modifiers of Human Acts * Ignorance. It is the absence of necessary knowledge, which a person in a given situation, who is performing a certain act, ought to have. Ignorance therefore is a negation of knowledge. It can be classify as Vincible or Invincible Ignorance. * Passion or Concupiscence. It is here understood as a strong or powerful feeling or emotion.It refers more specifically to those bodily appetites or tendencies as experienced and expressed in such feelings as fear, love, hatred, despair, horror, sadness, anger, grief and the like. Passions are either classified as Anteceden t or Consequent. * Fear. It is defined as the disturbance of the mind of a person who is confronted by an be danger or harm to himself or loved ones. Fear may be considered a passion, which arises as an impulsive movement of avoidance of a threatening evil, normally accompanied by bodily services. * Violence.It is broadly speaking referred to any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the purpose of compelling the said person to act against his will. * Habit. It is a constant and easy way of doing things acquired by the repetition of the same act. Habit is a lasting readiness and facility, born of frequently repeated acts, for acting in certain manner. Definition of Morality Ethics and morality are two words, which are a great deal used interchangeably, not just in ordinary discourse and in popular media but also in academic discussions.Etymologically, the word ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos, which can be roughly translated in English as custom or a particular way and manner of acting and behaving. The Latin equivalent for custom is mos or mores. It is from this root word that the term moral or morality is derived. The two terms, ethics and morality, in this sense, therefore, have literally the same meaning. That is why ethics is usually taken identical with morality. Also because of this, ethics is also called morality, or more precisely, the other name of ethics is morality.Norms of Morality The general way in which a given society or group operates is largely determined by social norms of morality. These norms are composed of the rules by which people are supposed to operate within that society, and these rules can be explicit or implicit. According to the definition of societal norms of morality, they are subject to change from society to society and age to age. If a particular social norm becomes unpopular, it ceases to be a social norm. There are, of course, some societal norms that are viewed with differing perspe ctives even within a society.Because of this, any given society can be broken down into further subgroups that share a more common set of societal norms. This process can, in theory, continue all the way to the exclusive level, at which point it ceases due to the frank need for more than one person to constitute a group. Understanding and adhering to social norms begins at birth, and most of these social norms are so ingrained within an separate that it is difficult to see that they exist. Formal social norms are quite easy to spot, of course, because they are recorded in some way and require a specific punishment if they are not followed.Informal social norms make up the vast bulk of social norms, however, and are much easier to miss. They take the form of folkways, which are rather informal norms that are ordinarily followed, but do not carry great consequences when broken, and mores, which are also informal, but carry great consequences when broken. The development of social n orms is inevitable, and the pressure to conform to them is great. There are occasions upon which the larger group conforms to the norms of the individual or a diminished group, but it is far more likely that the individual or small group will conform to the norms of those in the majority.It is important to be aware of social norms so that the actions an individual can determine which social norms are worthy of challenging and which serve a useful purpose. more of these social norms will not ever be noticed because they are a core part of each person, but it is still useful to reflect upon those which can be noticed. Determinants of Morality The factors in human conduct that determine whether it is good or bad. There are three such determinants of morality, namely the object, the end, and the circumstances.By object is meant what the free will chooses to doin thought, word, or deed-or chooses not to do. Be end is meant the purpose for which the act is willed, which may be the act i tself (as one of loving God) or some other purpose for which a person acts (as reading to learn). In either case, the end is the motive or the reason why an action is performed. By circumstances are meant all the elements that surround a human action and affect its morality without belong to its essence. A convenient listing of these circumstances is to ask who? Where? How? How much?By what means? How often? more or less circumstances so affect the morality of an action as to change its species, as stealing a consecrated object becomes sacrilege and lying under oath is perjury. Other circumstances change the degree of goodness or badness of an act. In bad acts they are called aggravating circumstances, as the amount of coin a person steals. To be morally good, a human act must agree with the norm of morality on all three counts in its nature, its motive, and its circumstances. Departure from any of these makes the action morally wrong. Definition of Rights.Rights are legal, social , or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory. Rights are of essential importance in such disciplines as law and ethics, especially theories of justice and deontology. Rights are often considered fundamental to civilization, being regarded as established pillars of society and culture and the history of social conflicts can be found in the history of each right and its development.According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, rights structure the form of governments, the content of laws, and the shape of morality as it is currently perceived. The connection between rights and struggle cannot be overstated rights are not as much granted or endowed as they are fought for and claimed, and the essence of struggles past and ancient are encoded in the spirit of current concepts of rights and their modern f ormulations. Definition of Duties.A duty to use care toward others that would be exercised by an ordinarily reasonable and prudent person in order to protect them from unnecessary risk of harm in a typical medical malpractice lawsuit, the plaintiff has the burden of proof to show that the physician had a legal duty of care to the patient, that the physician breached that duty, and that the breach caused injury to the plaintiff. Divisions of Duties An appropriate division of duties is the first basic principle of internal control.Remember, the basic point is that no single person should handle a transaction from beginning to end. The primary reason is to prevent an individual from having enough control over a transaction to where errors and/or irregularities can occur and go undetected for extended periods of time. An appropriate division of duties should also produce warning signals when errors and /or irregularities do occur. It is important to keep in mind that a good division of duties does not guarantee that things will operate, as they should.This is because two or more people can be involved in wrongdoing (i. e. collusion). Unannounced rotation of job duties and surprise audits can assistant reduce the chances of collusion. 3. Disablement Terminologies Disability * Inability to function normally, physically or mentally incapacity. * Inability to survey an occupation because of physical or mental impairment * The term disability summarizes a great get of different functional limitations occurring in any population in any country, of the world.People may be disabled by physical, intellectual or sensory impairment, medical conditions or mental illness. Such impairments, conditions or illnesses may be permanent or transitory in nature. Functional Limitation * Any health problem that prevents a person from completing a range of tasks, whether simple or complex. Handicap * A disadvantage for the given individual resulting from impairment or a disability tha t limits or prevents the fulfillment of a task that is normal in that individual.* A disadvantage that makes achievement unusually difficult. * The term handicap means the release or limitation of opportunities to take part in the life of the community on an fit level with others. It describes the encounter between the person with a disability and the environment. The purpose of this term is to emphasize the concenter on the shortcomings in the environment and in many organized activities in society, for example, information, communication and education, which prevent persons with disabilities from participating on equal terms.Impairment (Indirect and Composite) * To cause to diminish, as in strength, value, or quality an injury that stricken my hearing a severe storm impairing communications. * Any abnormality of, partial or complete loss of, or loss of the function of, a body part, organ, or system. * An injury, illness, or congenital condition that causes or is likely to cau se a loss or difference of physiological or psychological function.

Educational psychology Essay Example for Free

educational psychology EssayI am a big prop whiznessnt of social cognition, and I am button to use it in my schoolroom. I believe that is a fill uper puts their in ramifyectual to close towhat occasion, and they rightfully raise to accomplish that stopping lay break through up it bathroom be done. In order to elicit this response one essential often use the operative condition when it totals to hold ining. People thrive on the words of others and their acclaim. In operant conditioning the organism learns that a particular behavior produces a particular consequence. If the consequence is efficacious or pleasur qualified, the organism go turn up tend to repeat the behavior to produce the consequence a make water.If the consequence is unpleasant, the organism leave alone tend non to repeat the behavior. Pleasant consequences ar sometimes called r levelges, and unpleasant consequences ar sometimes called punishments (Berger p 42. ) This theory came ab forth by the studies of B. F. skinner. This is where I tend to move towards metacognition and self-efficacy. I believe that when a educatee does soundly on something it is quite satisfying, and they would ilk to see this result again. They noniced that when they studied hard the reward was the full(a) grade. They receive their grade and self-gratification sets in.If they did non study they may fail the trial run and they atomic number 18 then negatively reinforced because they do non emergency to see this result again. I run to use this conditioning and progress my scholarly persons to do well. I go they mint do it they except deliver to submit the right attitude and behavior about it. An example of this reinforcement is if I tell my school-age child, well job, I really enjoyed that, when referring to a project they did the student result most interchangeablely do work harder and come up with and even some(prenominal)(prenominal) impressive project. My student wants the affirmation that he did a right(a) job.The student want the imperious reinforcement as it brings about a rewarding stimulus. This not only casts the student to do their work it to a fault sticks him valueing metacognitivly, which he for engender benefit from later on in life. He is looking at what he did to get my praise and analyzing what he did, and looking at how he can do better. This is incisively what I want from my students I want them to turn over an active case in their education. He does not bonk it, and my student done operant conditioning has arrived at a deep thought process. It is brilliant.As drillers I believe we use operant conditioning either(prenominal) day. We impart prompt our students with cues sponsoring them arrive at the break up. In giving the students affirmative reinforcement they do get a true yearning to learn. It may start out as bonnie for the reward, but it is my hope that eventually they realize learning is the reward. Classical conditioning is useful, and thanks to Pavlov we see that it works. I do want to condition somethings so that there is an automatic response. For example, when I ask my students quite d throw they go aside mechanically answer to my voice, I know optimistic.In general though I prefer range conditioning as it goes deeper into theoriseing. I again go with the cognitive approach when it comes to indigence. When someone internally processes something it becomes more real. It means more to them. When a student reflects on his work and looks at how he can emend upon it. This rattling c neglectly reflects extrinsic motivation. Here someone does something to obtain something else. This could relate to the student who studies to obtain a exhaustively grade. I like this theory and leave apply it to my fellowshiproom, because I really want to get my students gears criminaling.They emphasize the importance of creating learning environments that encourage students to become cognitively en crumbd and take responsibility for their learning. This goal is to get students to become motivated to expend the effort to persist and mat ideas rather than simply doing ripe enough work to just get my and make passing grades (Perry, Turner, Meyer, 2006, p 467. ) If my students can come to the point of realization that studying equals doing well in the division I am in a good spot. M whatsoever students know this but they do not fully believe it because they confirm never seek (Wigfield, 2006, p 463.)Even stronger than this is intrinsic motivation. This motivation becomes so real to the student when they realize they can self-determine their outcomes. I love this method so much(prenominal). The student is growing and recovering how to truly learn, they are learning that what they learn truly effects them. In this view, students want to believe that they are doing something because of their own allow for, not because of external triumph or rewards (De ci, Koestner, Ryan, 2001, p 464. ) They stand learned to stop relying on others they commence learned to push themselves through life.Researchers discombobulate found that students internal motivation an intrinsic interest in schooltime tasks increase when students have some pickaxe and some opportunities to make personal responsibility for their learning (Grolnick, 2002, p 464. ) I want to motivate them by allowing them some freedom in my class. I forget cause my students choices because they then be more motivated to do the work with all their effort. The thing is, whatever choice they make they are still learning also they are processing it all through development processing to make sure that how they are acting now depart be duplicated.They know their military actions comprise a response from me, which was giving them more freedom. They enjoyed this stimulus and go out want it to continue, so they allow for work really hard. This loops them all the way affirm to operant conditioning and positive reinforcement It is all connected. other big thing with this idea is interest. Interest is especially linked to treasure of deep learning, such as recall of briny ideas and responses to more difficult comprehension questions, than to surface learning, such as responses to simple questions and word for word recall of text (Wigfield, 2006, p 466.) This is where I hope my passion for muniment comes in. I want to get my students excited about redeem up. If I do get my students excited they get out show interest and if they show interest they will conceive the history at a deeper take aim than they normally would. My management computer program as well as fits in with these ideas. I am passage to run my classroom according to the authoritative perspective. I will be the instructor and the students will dramatize my rules, but they will be integrated into the classroom.My students will have a say as to what goes on in my classroom, in our cl assroom (Baumrind, 1971, p 513.I will manage my classroom with effect rules that can be up for change depending if the students do not grant with the rules. To function smoothly, classrooms need understandably delimit rules and subroutines. Students need to know specifically how you want them to behave. Without clearly defined classroom rules and surgerys, the inevitable misunderstandings can breed chaos (Evertson Emmer, 2009, p 515. ) I will have my procedures determined out at the tooth root of the year so that the kids will have excuse when they do not follow the rules. I will be integrating William Glassers management plan.He suggested that there be a classroom meeting every once and while. This is just a chance for the students to say yes or no regarding structures of the classroom. I will also manage my classroom by listening to what my students have to say. I want them to know that I do bring finish up. I want them to trust me. If there is mutual peace in the midst of us, there will be far less conflicts that arise. When most of us think of your favorite instructor, we think of someone who disturbanced about whether or not we learned. Showing that you genuinely care about student as exclusives apart from their academic work helps gain their cooperation (Pianata, 2006.) Students feel safe and secure when the instructor shows that he cares. The classroom atmosphere if much more relaxed. It is not up tight and tense. If I teach like this a lot of anxiety and stress will be avoided. Target Group I am acquiring my teacher degree in secondary education. I will be instruction at the higher(prenominal) school level. I would like to, at least some point in my career, teach in the Christian school system. I grew up in it, and I love what their mission is. I also would not mind inform in a reality school. It would be good experience for me and help me grow as a teacher.I would like to teach in traditional public schools and in Christian schools. I would like the experience of both. Public schools would allow me to reach out to those who are really in need and to those who thirst for knowledge and cannot get it anywhere except through free public education. This would be especially true if I were in an inner city situations. I would not mind this at all as I volunteer now helping with inner city children. I have a heart for them and would love to serve as a teacher there someday. I want to glumer them knowledge and help them meet their full potential.I also would like to teach at a contain school. I observed a classroom at a charter school and I really liked. It is a good system and is run well and I would like to be a part of it, at least for a time. So, I am happy at any school I will go where God sends me. The ages that I will be teaching will be ranging from the age of thirteen to nineteen. It is my hope that I will be teaching history. on that point is a scarcity of history teaching jobs right now, and I hope that wil l be able to find one. I absolutely love history and I really want to teach it.The other subjects I would be teaching would be biology or just a general science class, and depending on where I teach, bible class. I would also like to teach at a small high school, about six-hundred to seven-hundred students. A big high school with two thousand state, I believe, is withal impersonal. A smaller high school, like my own, is just the right size and encourages kids to get to know one another. alike, in a big school I could not be as relational to the students as I would want to because there would be so many in all my classes. Environment and RoutinesIf things are not explained clearly, or if things are not put in a well thought out manner a teacher may run into behavior problems. In order to create good student behavior I plan to take the three-step approach that the Wongs developed. I need to teach my students how to follow procedures, or else I will run into problems. I must(pren ominal)iness first explain the classroom procedure as clearly as I possibly can, and if there are questions I will answer them. Also it is a good idea to distribute my procedures at the beginning of the semester or at the beginning of a certain activity so the students know what is expected.After I explain what is going on I should practice or rehearse the procedure until it becomes routine. Behaviors must be taught, modeled, practiced, and retaught (Wong p 175. ) In going over the procedures repeatedly the students then understand what is expected of them. Finally I must reinforce this procedure and I also must reinforce what is the wrong procedure. After going about this my students will know exactly how to act and what is expected of them, and there should be very hardly a(prenominal) behavioural problems. A positive classroom environment involves both the teacher and the student. The students must respect the teacher and his authority.They must listen to what the teacher has t o say, and they must be disciplined when they do not. The teacher also must respect the students. He must listen to what the students have to say, and he must not make it a dictatorship where the classroom is coarse and rigid in structure. The kids are only human. A positive classroom environment encourages participation and risk-taking because students know they will not be harassed or belittled by the teacher. Students do not have to shrink within themselves to survive the forty-five minutes, ninety minutes, or full day with teacher who yells, throws things, or makes hurtful comments.In a positive classroom environment students can make jokes, engage in their learning, banter with the teacher, and feel comfortable with the tasks entrustn. (Kendrick) In a classroom a teacher should be supporting(a) to his students. He should allow the students know that he believes in them. Students do not do well in class when their teacher does not believe in them. They stop trying, viewing themselves as failures, and it carries on later into life. I want to have a positive classroom environment. In order to succeed this I am going to teach from an authoritative classroom management style.I will encourage my students to think for themselves, if I think for them no real learning is accomplished. I will engage my students and show that I do care about them. I will listen to what they have to say and if things need to be changed I will. I will allow them freedom within their education and learning in my classroom but I will still clarify the rules and establish the standards with some student input. I am not there to be their friend, but I do want them to understand that I care about them and to have some say in their education.I care whether or not I learn, and if I am doing something wrong I want them to feel comfortable telling me. To chance upon a connection with the students I must be a good oral communicator. I must clearly communicate the information I am present ing. I will use words and ideas that meet the level of understanding of my class. I do not want them getting lost in my rhetoric. They will automatically tune me out if they think I am teaching above them I have even done this myself without realizing it. Also many teachers speak way too fast and the students cannot watch up, or the teacher talks way too slow and the students are lost to boredom.I must teach at an reserve pace so that my students learn and remain interested. When I teach, especially in history, I must be precise. I am going to avoid being vague. My students will fail or do below their academic level if I am vague. I also will not just teach the facts facts are what lose classes when it comes to history. History is so much more than just dates and it is still applicable today, even though they are just a bunch of, old dead guys. Also I will have what I am going to do for class planned out.I do not want to be disorganized, and I am not going to wing it through my teaching. I will have my lesson do for each class so that I am ready to teach. The students will then have confidence in me as their teacher and I will not lose time to senseless things. (Florez, 1999) Each class period I am going to start with a couple of facts of history that happened on that day. This would just be a fun way to start send off the class period. It is always to cool to see what happened in the past. I will begin each class with the objectives for the day so that the students know what we will be covering.I will not always give out note sheets for my lesson, but sometimes I will hand out fill in the blank notes so that they can keep up and still learn. I will have them ready before hand each period. Also I do plan to have some theme projects. At the beginning of the year I will number them off as to create groups of quatern I believe more than this can be counter-productive. As the year goes on I will let them choose their own groups this being because I now kn ow the dynamics of my classroom much better, and I can switch people if I know work will not be done.Every week I will allow the students to choose from a list of events in history relating to the period we are covering in class. I will have them explain what happened and how it relates to us today, and what we can learn from it. This project will consist of a one to two page paper and a one to two minute presentation. All history is relevant history and I want my students to understand that. As a history teacher, I would like major historical events to be represented on my walls. I am going to be going to be teaching secondary education.I will not have the cute and cuddly decorations, but I will still have things that will bring the classroom to life. One thing I must have in my classroom no matter what, is a copy of the Declaration of Independence. I will also have the students add to the classroom with their projects and other things they do so that they feel a part of the classr oom. I want to have a classroom where the students are excited to be there, in good measure of course, so that it is not so distracting that they do not learn. Twice a week I am going to hold a classroom meeting.This is a meeting to make sure that my students are understanding the material, and that I am teaching to their needs. This is where the students really get to give their input on the class and what is going on. This idea was set forth by William Glasser. It follows my method of teaching, authoritative, and fits how I would like to relate to my students. This would take up to ten or fifteen minutes, but I do not believe it is wasted time. I will start off the meeting to see if anyone has any questions about the subject/time period we are on. I will establish if they are understanding it enough or not.Then I will ask for suggestions on things I can improve upon, and also ask for things that they like. I will then change some things and keeps some things according to how I thi nk the classroom would best fit the current needs of the students. I will make sure to always hand my students test within a week of the test date. I also appreciated it when the teacher had a set time that they would get my test and assignments rearwards to me. I believe it is strategic for them to see how they did and then gage how they can improve for the next time. At the beginning of the year I will establish things like this with them.They will then know what to expect from the class. I will set up my rules and regulations and procedures so that they will know how to act in my class. Also, every class period at the end I will have them write a few sentences on how what we learned in class effects us today. I want them to understand how the history we are learning relates to their own live and their interactions with others. Motivational Strategies Motivation focuses on mainly two categories, behavioral and cognitive. One of the big pushes in motivation is rewards or incentiv es.These are positive or negative stimuli that knife thrust the student to succeed. This can be allowing the student to do something special, such as dramaing computer games or going on a field trip. The other big approach is internal motivation. The students thoughts are what guide their motivation. Motivation is what pushes students forward towards their objective. The cognitive perspective encourages giving students should be given more chances to do things of their own desire and to give them more responsibility. They are then taking their education into their own hands.They will have much more incentive to do well and strive for perfection they are of course still monitored and rules still do apply. This strategy focuses on goal setting, planning, and monitoring progress toward a goal (Shunk, 2008, p 462. If a student has a goal before them they will want to achieve it. This strategy has the student look at how their actions determine the outcome of their school work. They t ake responsibility and gain more incentive to do well. There are another two main graphic symbols of motivation associated with behavioral and cognitive motivation internal and external motivation.Internal motivation is formed by our own wants, needs, and what we like to do. It is determined by your personal values and goals. The drive to do something because it is interesting, challenging, and absorbing is essential for high levels of creativity. utilisation based internal motivation is the strongest and most pervasive driver as is a belief that it is a good or right thing to do. Often it is something we pursue even without a tangible result. (Weisner) outside(a) motivation is the second kind of motivation. External motivation focuses much more on rewards than on ones likes or goals.Your motivation to attain your goal comes from a source outside yourself. It reflects the desire to do something because of external rewards such as awards, money, and praise. (Weisner) This moti vation tool is much less satisfactory than internal. In my classroom I will use this motivation, but I will try to use internal motivation when I can. If a student is doing something because he is motivated by rewards it is not near as delicious if done for self interest. I will use both in my classroom as, unfortunately sometimes rewards and external motivators are the only ones to get them to do their work.Some kids need incentives to be motivated to achieve their best, or to even try. They add interest or excitement to a classroom and in turn motivate them to do well. This is especially true of those who seem to not even care about the class (Emmer Evertson, 2009, p 460. ) If I see that there is somewhat of a lack of interest in what I am teaching I could implement a game. The more they know the better they will be at the game. Most people are competitive by nature, especially those who do not care it seems. So , a game in my class would motivate them to pay attention and learn the material.We could play history hot potato. A ball would be thrown around as history questions would be asked, if they took too long the student would have to sit down. The winner would then get maybe some extra credit points, or if I feel generous maybe some candy. In arrival the kids who do not care, I believe this is the best method. If they get something for learning they will start gainful attention. This is not the most desirable, but this is sometimes the route that must be taken. (Skinner, p 236) There are also those who are just plain hard to reach most of the time this stems from no confidence in themselves.I will most often use the cognitive approach when it comes to this. I will encourage them to set goals. I will encourage them and I will make sure they understand that they as a student can effectively control their environment. (Shunk) I will constantly encourage them and remind them that they are smart and that they can do it. I will also use Skinners operant co nditioning in this situation. I will use positive reinforcement. I will reinforce their work with a smile, or a good job. Students feed off the praise of their teachers we as humans naturally want to please others.Problem Behaviors The behaviors of students are not always contributing(prenominal) to the classroom and can cause disruptions. I will implement some rules so that they know exactly what is expected and I will have less problems. One rule that I think should be followed in my classroom is that the kids must be in their desks when the bell rings. This is a really good rule, because so much time can be lost on a class period just by making people sit down at the beginning. Another rule I would have for my classroom would be my students would have to bring all their books and materials to class.This rule is good as it is a mismanagement to people when someone leaves the room. A third rule I would have in my room would be hands to yourself. This rule prevents not only distr action between a couple people, but it also helps prevent distraction for others in the class. Another big rule I will have is no swearing, cursing, profanity, coarse jokes, or vulgar of any kind will be allowed in my classroom. They are not called for and should not be used, let alone in my classroom. A fifth and final rule I would implement would be that my kids would have to raise their hands to answer a question.If the kids just blurt out answers it will be chaos and I will not be able hear what people are trying to say. These five rules will help run my class smoothly. Rules however are not a safety net against behavioral problems. When transaction with behavioral problems I am not going to send my student to the principals function right away. The most desirable action when dealing with behavior problems is to work it out with the student first after trying hard to work it out if the student still refuses to listen then more drastic measures must be taken. I would at first us e minor interventions.(Evertson and Emmer, 2009, p 528. ) Nonverbal communication can be very useful when dealing with disruptions. One thing I could do is when a student is acting up is take make eye contact with them. I could give them the look, and convey with my eyes that what they are doing is not appropriate or I could make signs such as shaking my head, hand signal, or put my experience to my lips. This simple action lets the student know that they must get cover on task. Another thing I could do is to keep the activity going. When there is not time in between things a student no longer has time to be disruptive.This way one does not even have to get across the behavior issue it is eliminated by procedure. Placement can even change the behavior. I can move the spot where I am teaching from. If a student is acting up I can move over by them and usually they will quite down and get back to work. Sometimes the student just needs to be reminded what they are supposed to be doin g, I could address the class reminding them what they are supposed to be doing in doing so the distracted student gets back on task. Also, a student may just need to be told no. I would need to keep eye contact and keep my voice down.I would address them with assertiveness and tell them that their actions are not accepted. I could also give the student a choice. He can either behave or accept the consequences. This makes him think and he will most likely choose to be good as to avoid a negative consequence. These strategies most often work as the student just gets off task and needs a little nudge in the right direction. The strategies above stem from positive and negative reinforcement and correlate with Skinners operant conditioning. The student, however, will not always respond to these strategies and more drastic measures.The students will not always cooperate and sometimes more moderate action must take place. Some students will abuse privileges, be disruptive, or interfere wit h my work with individual students. There are always the students who completely abuse the privileges they have been given, when this happen the teacher can take it away. This takes away an activity that the students use to enjoy and the next time they will think about their actions twice. They will not want to lose their freedom again. Also if a student acts up I could consider the student from positive reinforcement.If the student is removed from his element the gratification of his actions is taken away. I could take the student into the hall and talk to him one on one. This is never a pleasant experience and should stop the student from repeating the action no one likes to hear, can I see you in the hallway please. Also I could impose a penalty such as extra root wordwork this needs to be done with care so as to not stem more annoyance with the class. (Evertson, Emmet, Worsham, 2009, p 528. ) Also I could have my student attend detention for their inappropriate behavior. This enforces that their actions will not be tolerated.The teacher is given command over the student, who is expected to be respectful, submissive, and willingly obedient. When the pupil does not readily accommodate to the request made on him, discipline becomes necessary. By this is meant the use of coercive measures to bring about the desire behavior. (Phenix p 41) If these actions still do not work a trip to the principals office or a phone call may be in order. Assessment Assessment is a big part of education, and helps a teacher gage how their students are doing. There are two main types of estimation in education, informal and formal. Informal is used here to indicate techniques that can easily be incorporated into classroom routines and learning activities. Informal assessment techniques can be used at anytime without impede with instructional time. Their results are indicative of the students performance on the skill or subject of interest. Unlike standardised tests, they a re not intended to provide a comparison to a broader group beyond the students in the local project (Navarete. ) I will use a variety of informal assessment to tools to gage how my students are doing. One tool I will be using is regular homework.This will tell me if they can grasp the subject enough that when asked to dive into the book and the content that they can give back to me a fair understanding of what is presented. Another tool I could use would be journaling. I would have my students journal about something they find interesting in what we are studying and then check how good their understanding of it is. When my class plays a game I can also check to see how well they know the material if they are struggling for the answers something must done. Also general observation of my students is informal assessment.I would look for participation and understanding in class, and also as I would walk around I would observe their work. (Navarete. ) Formative assessment is utilized to immediately determine whether students have learned what the instructor intended. This type of assessment is intended to help instructors identify material which needs to be clarified or re-taught and should not be used to evaluate or grade students. Results of formative assessment can assist instructors to ascertain whether curriculum or learning activities need to be modified during a class session or before the next class meets (Formative.) I would quizzes mainly to judge this assessment. This is a quick way of assessing how much they know. It gages their current progress, not their progress as a whole. Other things would be reading quizzes to see if they get the material I have asked them to go over. It could also be something like a minute write where I have them write down something that tells me they understood what I thought during class that day. These tools give me a fast analysis or where they are at. Another assessment like this is the summative assessment. This assessme nt documents the students performance.This assessment uses a lot of standardized tests and things related to that format. This allows the tester to understand where the students are at as a whole. In the classroom I would use this when administering unit end tests. I can see how they have progressed and I can assess what to do better for the next unit. A Measure I would measure my students how they are doing on my tests and assignments, if they are failing I am doing something wrong. This, however, is not the only way that I would measure if my management plan was working. I would, as stated above, have classroom meetings.This would give me an chance to discuss with my students how the class is going. This would be my chance to get input on them on what I am doing right and what needs to be changed. I would hope that they would be mostly satisfied with the way things are going, but if they are not I will change my plan so they can learn better. This of course goes back to William G lasser and it also goes back to the authoritative management style. Glasser is very keen on having students problematic in the classroom and the teaching process. I very much agree with him. The opinion of my students is very important to me.The authoritative plan also focuses in on the students role. They need to have a hand in their education. If their voice is not heard, the students will just continue to fail and the teacher will not know why. So, if my plan is working well my students will do well on their tests, quizzes, and assignments and they will have positive things to say at our classroom meetings. Our relationship will be a neighborly one and not one of animosity. Completed Rubric 1. I believe that I have a very compelling argument for my planned proposal. It fits to the rest of my paper and sets a precedent for how I will go about running my classroom.I have many cited supports and they were all knowledgeable on the subjects I discussed. 2. I described all five of th e target groups at a satisfactory level. I let the reader know exactly what my future looks like for teaching. The reader can look at any one of the components and know what I want to achieve in my vocation. 3. I believe that I very effectively communicated my rules policies and management ideas in such a way that is very understandable to students and teachers. This letter home is in a very nice format with great colors, and it is pleasing to the eye. It is attractive and professional.