Prevention of Nozzle Clogging in Continuous Casting of Steel

Prevention of owl Clogging in Continuous Casting of SteelPrevention Of bill Clogging In The Continuous Casting Of SteelThere withdraw been four documented causes for prig hindering in around-the-clock plaster bandage brand names signifier up de-oxidations much(prenominal) as Al2O3 (1), solid brand build up, buildup of complex oxides such as spinels, and the buildup of re pull through products such as CaS (4). part some causes ar much prejudicial than others, all are a problem. Different poises entrust yield a different potential bird of Minerva clogging cause (3), for example, a re-sulfurized free machining sword is going to withstand much more of an issue with the formation of atomic number 20 sulfides than spinels. No bet what cause is all motor horn clogging suffer be detrimental to a continuous spew outing process. Looking at Figure 1, it is scant(p) to see how the deposit of clogging material on the side walls of the nozzle can cause irregular lead fr om the tundish into the mold. Irregular flow through with(predicate) a tundish nozzle enhances the probability of generating a number of quality defects such as re-oxidation of the steel and slag entrapment (4). Nozzle clogging withal affects productiveness in that little steel is able to be cast because of the closure in the nozzle. In elemental business terms, less steel equals less profit. A nonher involvement to consider is the animation of the tundish is often limited to the life of the nozzle due to clogging. If nozzle clogging can be verifyled adequacy to extend the nozzle life even one or deuce heats longer, that results in substantial process cost savings.The most effective focal headland to save, or at least lessen, nozzle clogging in the continuous casting of steels is to modify the inclusions in the steel to a smooth quite an than a solid at steel casting temperatures (2). This is typically through with(p) by the addition of calcium to the steel at the end of the steel refining process. Looking at Figure 2, a pure Al2O3 inclusions legatous temperature is considerably higher than that of steel casting temperatures, and that by adding the right amount of calcium to the inclusions in the steel the inclusions liquidus temperature can potentially be lowered to downstairs steel casting temperatures (12CaO.7Al2O3).Calcium is typically added to the black market one of cardinal ways by CaSi powder, CaSi conducting wire, or calcium injection with argon. CaSi powder has the poorest recuperation because calciums vapor temperature is lower than steel making temperatures (5). Therefore by plainly throwing calcium powder on top of the melt, the majority of the calcium will vaporize into a gas and leave the system without being wrapped into the steel. Figure 3 shows the vapor temperature for calcium related to depth into the steel melt and we can see that the deeper into the melt the calcium is able to obtain (i.e. the greater the pressure) the higher the vapor temperature is for calcium (5). This is the basis by which CaSi wire is employ. CaSi wire is a steel wire shell packed with calcium as the core. As the wire is injected into the melt the calcium is protected by the steel shell from melting and not exposed to the high melt temperatures until deep enough into the melt to provide enough pressure to subjugate the calcium from vaporizing. Calcium injection uses this same principle by sticky a lance into the melt deep enough to avoid vaporisation and blows calcium into the melt by the use of inert argon.Its one thing to make inclusions liquid and its a completely different challenge to forestall it liquid throughout the entire casting process. This is often the difficult saying of nozzle clogging prevention given that all of your incluions modification control is performed at the LMF or degasser and not at the caster. One thing some(prenominal) steel producers will try to do is reduce the number of incluions put in the steel during the casting process (2). The easiest thing to do in lowering the number onf inclusions in the steel is to increase ths size of the inlucions. By Stokes law, larger inclusions will have a greater upward upper out of the steel and into the slag thus not being cast through the nozzle. Another practice steel producers use to reduce inclusionon believes in their steel is to have straitlaced geometry in the tundish as the caster. By adding tundish components such as dams and weirs (shown in Figure 4) inclusion flow can be straighted to give optimum exposure to the slag(4). Weirs a employ to direct steel flow down where as dams are to direct flow upwards. By having two sets of weir-dam combinations betwixt the load shroud and nozzle, the inclusions in the steel are exposed to the tundish slag all while maintaining minimum turbulance (5).Unfortunatily not all inclusions in the steel can be removed and thence the remaining inclusions must remain liquid through the nozzle to prevent clogging. To achieve this it is curtial that the steel is protected from re-oxidation from atmospheric oxygen (2). To ensure this umpteen tools are utilize. Starting from the ladle, a ladle shroud is used from the ladle to tundish in order to funnel the liquid steel from the ladle to infra the slag layer in the tudish (Figure 4). An impact pad is often used as shown in Figure 4, to reduce the turbulance in the tundish (5). Increased turbulance can disrupt the slag surface in the tundish as expose the liquid steel to the amtosphere causing re-oxidation and possibily slag entrapment. To help prevent steel -slag interaction,baffles are often used (Figure 5) which slows down steel flow but also allows steel to flow through the holes. In order to prevent the steel exposed to the surface from re-oxidizing tundish fluxes are used to act as a protectinve barrier amidst the steel and atmopshere as shown in Figure 6 (2). Tundish refactories must also be considered t o ensure no or precise little reaction occures between the steel and refactory occurs (2). If it were to occur and solid inclusions percipitate in the steel, all the effort put forth into the steel up until the point could be usless.Once the steel is secure in the tundish one more step is required and that is to get the steel through the nozzle and into the mold. middling as in the tundish, re-oxidation of the steel and any negative reaction between the nozzle refractory and steel must be avoided. To ensure this, typically submerged entry nozzles or submerged entry shrouds are used as the nozzle which will provide a barrier between the steel and atmosphere all the way into the mold. Typically made of aluminum oxide graphite, the added graphite prevents wetting of the inclusions onto the nozzle walls (4). Argon purging in divers(a) parts of the side walls of the nozzle are also often used to separate any would be oxygen from the steel.In conclusion, preventing nozzle clogging is n ot successfully completed by one simple action but rather many actions working together inclusion count reduction, inclusion modification by the use of calcium, protecting from re-oxidation of the steel, proper tundish geometry, and proper tundish and nozzle refractories (2). While the concept of making only liquid inclusions appears simple in application, it can be rather difficult to maintain these liquid inclusions throughout the entire casting process.Sources Cited1. Zhang, Lifeng Thomas, Brian Inclusions in Continuous Casting of Steel. Nationals Steelmaking Symposium. Mich, Mexico. November 2003. rogue 138-183.2. Alekseenko, A.A. Problems of Nozzle Clogging during Continous casting of an Aluminum-Killed Low-Carbon Low-Silicon Steel. Russian Metallurgy, Vol. 2007. page 634-637.3. Girase, N.U. Development of indices of quantification of nozzle clogging dujring continuous slab casting. Iron and Steelmaking. Vol. 34 No. 6. 2007. page 506-512.4. Zhang, Lifeng, Wand, Yufeng, and Zu o, Xianjmun. fall Transport and Inclusion Motion in Steel Continuous-Casting Mold under Submerged Entry Nozzle Clogging Condition. Metallurgical and Materials Transaction. Vol. 39B. August 2008. page 534-5505. The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel, 11th Edition Casting Volume AISE Steel Foundation. Pittsburg, PA. assume Right 2003