Comparing and Applying Theories of Development Essay

Lets take a look at all leash and comp ar some of their similarities, as sanitary as a a couple of(prenominal) discriminations and hence we finish look at how these and some new(prenominal) theories atomic number 18 lend oneselfd to analyze and label the study of a s bedevilr. Sigmund Freud was a introduce of his firmament. His Psychoanalytic possibility was the first thinkable action of modern psychology. Although some of Freuds ideas put on been discarded, most of them still influence the ball of psychology today. match to Freud, human let oning is shaped by unconscious(p) metiers that activate human conduct (Paplia & angstrom unit Olds, et al, 2006).Our consciousness of the world almost us is stored in our conscious forefront and our unconscious sagacity stores painful repressed memories, urges, feelings, or thoughts which is gruelling to access. Freud believed that somevirtuosoalities consist of terce move the id, the swelled head, and the sup erego. The id dwells in the unconscious part of our legal opinion and is prudent for our merriment principle. The superego to a fault dwells more often than non in the unconscious mind and is bank billable for our companionship of right and wrong.Accountable for our reality pleasure is our ego, which is located in our conscious mind and is what we social function to mediate our deepest selfish desires with the right(prenominal) world. According to Freud, an individuals behavior is a result of all three interacting with one a nonher, working together as a team beneath the leading of the ego. (Roeckelein, 1998) For shell, when a teenager desires to skip inform so they he deal society with his friends, his superego tells him that he leave get in trouble if he does, so his ego decides to go against skipping school, only if makes plans to party with his riends that spend so that his id is still satisfied. Freud also believed that pincerren go through with(predicate) with(predicate) three different power points of temperament growing in the first 5-6 age of age called psychosexual demos. In severally(prenominal) show a small frys fulfillment shifts from oral to anal to genitals. If blessedness is not achieved in any of these compass points, the someone will develop a neutering and ends up existence stuck in that pointedness of festering analogous in the fortune of smokers, whom according to Freud, maintain an oral reparation.Freud positive the idea that people create refutation mechanisms such as displacement (a substance in which one diverts their feelings of anger from the some torso whom ca workoutd the emotion to an former(a) person or object), compensation (overcoming feelings of inadequacy in one argona by excelling at another), or rationalization (looking for suitable explanations to justify our behavior). They use these mechanisms in battle array to cope with stressful and painful experiences. (Witt & Mossle r, 2010) Erik Erickson was an apprentice of Sigmund Freud. He developed the Psychosocial surmisal of culture.He also believed that the unconscious mind influenced behavior however, he opposed the sexual aspect of ripening. According to his theory there be cardinal stages of human out harvest-feast. Trust vs. mis reliance which transcends amongst birth and about 1 form old. The small fry must learn to trust his or her parents, but must be balanced with a sensible add of mistrust so as not to become naive. The right knowing is hope. familiarity vs. shame and doubt is the second stage which occurs amidst the ages of 1-3 yrs old. Next is maiden vs. guilt which is usually occurs in 3-5 year olds. Children in middle electric shaverhood go through the industry vs. nferiority stage which begins around the age of 5 and continues until adolescence around 12 years old and teenagers come in into the individuality vs. confusion stage. Those in the intimacy vs. closing off are young adults among the ages of 18-25. Generativity vs. doldrums is the stage for older adults and is characterized with the desire to ordain back. Most people in this stage are between 25-65 year olds. rightfulness vs. despair, and hope and faith vs. despair are the last two stages of action development, and they both(prenominal) are for those over the age of 65 years old. Each stage is like a outpouring with a potence of passing or failing and the core f results is harvest-tide and a learned virtue or stagnancy. A person will stay stuck in their au whereforetic stage for however long it takes until the virtue is learned although there are veritable age approximations. (Witt & Mossler, 2010) An example of stagnation is when a woman in her thirties still acts like a teenager. denim Piaget, a psychologist from Switzerland, also believed in stages of development however he contracted on cognitive development, mostly in children. Although Piagets theory has received some criticism, mostly in regards to underestimating the cognitive development of children, he has influenced psychology in a digest way. Piaget defines running(a) as a psychogenic routine that transforms study so it can be used. Operational routines include the use of logic by classifying, subdividing, recognizing parts of a whole, counting, and reversibility. (Witt & Mossler, 2010) According to Piaget, certain behaviors occur only when children take a leak the appropriate maturational stage and that 4 of those stages exist sensoripush back (birth-2 years old), pre operable (2-7 years old), concrete operational thought (7-12 years old), and formal operational thought (12+ years old).In each(prenominal) stage, a child will correct to a impudently situation by using an inborn ability (Paplia & Olds, et al, 2006) process in which we integrate new information into a pre-existing kind building (building blocks of thinking as amiable units) called schemes. (Mitchell, P. , 1992. p12) He called this process assimilation. Later if the child learns something new about a former assimilation experience, the child adds the latest information to the current association, modifying the current mental structure based on experiences. He called this adaption of knowledge accommodation.For instance, when a baby cries, he concisely realizes that only his parents resolve to his cry and not just anyone. thither are three key sentiment similarities between Sigmund Freuds Psychoanalytic possible action and Erik Ericksons Psychosocial surmisal. First of all, they both drop curtain under the developmental perspective of psychoanalysis, which mover that they both view development as shaped by unconscious forces that set off human behavior. Additionally, they both believed that children go through stages of development and that each stage offers omething to learn in order to grow, or a danger of failure. Lastly, they both agree that when a stage is not mastered, its likely that they will be stuck in that stage of emersion by developing a fixation according to Freud, and according to Erickson will be excitedly stagnant. In contrast, here are a few significant differences between Sigmund Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory and Erik Ericksons Psychosocial Theory. First of all, the most noteworthy difference is Ericksons departure from the sexual ferocity of development that so strongly influences Freuds point of view.Although he agrees that unconscious mind influences personality development, he believed that heredity and the surroundings were more influential than sexual urges. some other major disagreement is that Freud believed that the genital stage begins during adolescence and continues throughout adulthood. Adults remain influenced sexually by their urge for genital gratification which is the madcap force for all their afflictions compared to Erickson whom believed that human development is continuous, and that people go through four mor e stages of development after the adolescent stage.Furthermore, Erickson exclamatory a possibility for a healthy ego development through the stages. It suggested that people have some work of their development, which unlike Freud, believed that people spend their good lives trying to conquer the demands of the id. (Witt & Mossler, 2010) at that place are also a few similarities between Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory and Piagets Cognitive demonstrate Theory. at one time again, just like Erickson, Freud and Piaget agreed that development occurs in stages and both of them mostly focus on child development.Another proportion is that they also both have had a major adjoin on the line of psychology. Freud was the Father of modern psychology turn Piaget remains the most influential cognitive psychologist. Also, their theories have both received huge criticism, but they still continue to influence the world of psychology significantly. On the other hand, there are a get along of differences between Psychoanalysis and the Cognitive Stage Theory. The main difference is that they both fall under different developmental psychological perspectives, so they actually view growth and maturity differently.Freud analyzes personality and emotional development whereas, Piaget examines cognitive development. Another difference is that Freud emphasized sexual urges as the driving force for all humans, but Piaget believed that people were influenced by the current stage of their cognitive develop. Furthermore, Piaget did not recognize the unconscious mind influences that Freud claimed. He favored observable, testable measurements in human development. comparability similarities between Erik Ericksons Psychosocial Theory and denim Piagets Cognitive Stage Theory is a difficult task.The differences are often more apparent. The reason is because they fall under two separate perspectives in the field of psychology just like comparisons between Freud and Piaget. Neverthele ss, a couple of agreements they both had are that heredity and environment are fundamental in human development and that life development occurs in stages. That is where the similarities end. The most overt disagreements are parallel to the comparisons between Freuds and Piagets theory. For instance, like Freud, Erickson studies personality and emotional development while, Piaget tests cognitive development.In addition, Erickson and Freud believed that an ample amount of development is influenced by the unconscious mind, unlike Piaget whom does not validate the deduction of the unconscious. The last difference is that Piagets theory focused on child development but Ericksons theory include four more stages of human development which continues throughout adulthood. When analyzing the development of children, we can use the above theories, as well as others to predict the get ahead of the child, and compare them with other children in their age group.In order to help a child reac h full potential, it is important that doctors, parents, and educators know the ruler rate of development. This is estimated by using developmental theories, and then applying research based studies that test the accuracy of those theories. As a child grows and learns, an assessment of their abilities can determine what stage of development the child is in, and whether or not they are developing normally. If a child appears to be reading and growing at a s sufferinger rate than other children in that current theoretical stage, then ction can be taken to mollify the child and give them more setting through different programs that have been constructed for children with learning disabilities. However, if a child appears to be developing at a faster rate, then their gifts can be kick upstairsd and cultivated through the utilization of accelerated enrichment programs. In order to consider a childs development as right on as possible, one must consider all aspects of growth whic h includes cognitive, fleshly, and emotional characteristics of maturation. physiologic development relates to the growth and maturity of the body and brain which includes the increase in motor skills and brain development. Cognitive development is associated with the progress of logic and reason and increases in style usage. Emotional development deals with the development of feelings and emotions, but also includes the development of morals and beliefs. Although each category examines distinct types of human development, they are not separate.For example, advances in cognitive abilities have been found to coincide with the childs physical brain development and growth (like during brain growth spurts). Another instance is that a childs physical maturity affects his/her emotional well being (like when an adolescent is a late bloomer, it can cause them to have a low self-esteem). As psychologists analyze a childs development, they must take into account all three aspects of develop ment because of their impact on each other and then apply them to the psychological theories of development in order to properly assess and encourage a childs possible potential.Sigmund Freud was a patriarch of modern psychology and Jean Piaget remains the most influential cognitive psychologist. Comparisons of the three theories discover that they are all similar in some ways, but also can be vastly different. Although Piaget and Freud have received a considerable amount of criticism for their ideas and parts of their theories were eventually discarded, they both continue to have a significant influence on the world of Psychology today.