Tips For Writing Academic Research Papers

Tips For Writing Academic Research PapersThere are many different aspects to writing academic research papers, but some of the key aspects include drawing out the information that you want to include, deciding the research questions, and choosing the approach that you will use. Making sure that you have a clearly defined purpose for writing a paper is also important. The purpose that you choose will help guide you and determine how to write the research paper. There are also different levels of writing a paper, which is useful when it comes to making sure that you understand all of the steps that you need to take.One of the most important aspects of writing academic research papers is drawing out the information that you want to include. In doing this, you need to be able to determine the type of information that you need to include. Once you have determined what information you want to include, then you need to make sure that you follow through with this information. It is important to be specific about the information that you include, such as the research questions that you want to include. You may need to take a closer look at your chosen research questions and decide if there are better ones that you can use in your paper.When writing an academic research paper, you will have the ability to focus on the part of the paper that you want to focus on. This is helpful because you can determine where you want to put your attention. In addition, this helps you to determine how you will go about writing the paper, as well as how you will go about writing the paper.In addition to deciding the research questions that you want to include, you will also need to decide how you will go about writing the paper. There are two different approaches that you can take when it comes to writing the paper. You can either use a more traditional approach, or you can use an informal approach.In the more traditional approach, you will most likely have some sort of introduction to yo ur paper. In this introduction, you will usually be able to introduce your topic, why you are writing the paper, and what you hope to accomplish. In addition, you will have information about your research questions, as well as information about the information that you want to include.The informal approach differs from the traditional approach in that you will not be able to present your research questions. Instead, you will write the paper based on your personal knowledge of the subject. As you start to write the paper, you will be able to determine how you want to go about writing the paper. This will help you be able to determine the way that you will go about writing the paper.When it comes to writing academic research papers, you will find that there are many different aspects to consider. However, you will find that once you have all of the aspects that you will need to consider and that you have a clear understanding of what your paper will be about, then you will be able to concentrate on the details of the paper. In order to be successful, you will need to be able to be organized and focused on the task at hand.

The Department Of Inspections And Appeals - 1628 Words

The Department of Inspections and Appeals is already established. They have a director of the department who is appointed by the governor to serve at the desire of the subject of the governor subject to confirmation by the senate at least four years, regardless whether there has been appointed new director during that time (Smith, 2014). Therefore, if the office becomes vacant, the vacancy shall be filled in the same manner as provided for the original appointment. The department is designed to conduct various audits, appeals, hearings, inspections, and investigations related to the operations of the executive branch of state government. The policies are to develop and recommend legislative proposals believed to be necessary for the†¦show more content†¦Iowa Department of Inspection and Appeals require that all medical information obtained in connection with the reasonable accommodation will be stored and kept confidential (Smith, 2014). Hence, medical information must be obtained with a request for reasonable accommodation will be stored and maintained in files separate from the individual’s personnel file in accordance with medical government employee. Describing the mission, policy issues, and methods for staying up to date on styles and practices are addressed, by focusing more on intelligence file guidelines and ensuring accountability of the intelligence function. States are expected to establish changes or create partnerships with the federal government since if the state fails, the federal is supposed to serve the residents (Smith, 2014). Policy implementation may need to take place concurrently across several departments, functions, and even jurisdictions with contradictory regulation is likewise essentially complicated. In most cases, organizations are performing badly in policy implementation: some admit they are occasionally, or even not at all able to apply policies without having negative impact to both employees and customers. Some admit that, they are only somewhat effective in this area. Implementation is the process of turning policy into practice. A policy should always consist of the policy written on a paper with employees sign off on a second sheet. Employees can sign off that they

Lyndon Baines Johnson And The Civil Rights Act Of 1964

Jaquelyn Hernandez 2nd/3rd Politics or Principle? Lyndon Baines Johnson was born in 1908 in central Texas. At the age of twenty he taught at a fifth, sixth, and seventh grade segregated Mexican-American school in Cotulla, Texas. His career began in teaching but in 1931 Johnson began a political one. Johnson held a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives for eleven years. He was elected in 1937 representing his home state Texas. Johnson was also a lieutenant commander in World War II. He was in the South Pacific when President Roosevelt called him back. In 1948, Johnson was elected to two six-year terms in the Senate. He aimed for presidency in 1960 but lost to the John F. Kennedy. Kennedy chose him as his vice president. J.F.K. was assassinated three years later. L.B.J became president and continued Kennedy’s fight for civil rights. On July 2,1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed by L.B.J. The bill expanded voting rights, strengthened equal employment rights, and also allowed all Americans to use public facilities (Politics or Principle 405). Some people say he did it because of his personal beliefs for civil rights. Others say it was a strategic move in order to win the upcoming presidential election. Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 for political reasons because his past beliefs were different, he cared about public opinion, and he wasn’t sincere. More and more people were turning for civil rights. When Johnson attempted to run forShow MoreRelatedLyndon Baines Johnson s History870 Words   |  4 PagesLyndon Baines Johnson makes one of the most important historical figures of the United States because of the enormous changes brought in the states federation. During Lyndon Baines Johnson’s reign, there was a lot of evolution in the federal state laws (Andrews and Sarah Gaby 202). After the assassination of the JKF, Lyndon Baines Johnson moved quickly to becoming the president of United States. At the time he fostered the development of some of the largest reforms in the federal laws in the URead More Lyndon Johnson Essay1259 Words   |  6 PagesLyndon Johnson Lyndon Johnson led the country for five years (1963-1968) after President John Fitzgerald Kennedy died of gunshot wounds on November 22, 1963. He formulated many policies and carried out many others that Kennedy could not finish. He faced many foreign problems as well, including the Vietnam War and the Cold War. How he dealt with foreign problems put him near last if not last in foreign affairs, when compared to other presidents. Johnson always talked to tourists and metRead MoreLyndon Baines Johnson Epitomized Texas In His Stature,1746 Words   |  7 PagesLyndon Baines Johnson epitomized Texas in his stature, his attitude, his tone, and his attitude. He was a force to be reckoned with and he used each of these attributes to push for legislation that he felt deeply about. His major influences were his parents and the rustic Hill Country of Texas. Johnson was born August 27, 1908, in Stonewall, Texas on an isolated farm in the Texas Hill Country to Sam Ealy Johnson, Jr. and Rebekah Baines Johnson. His mother was a woman â€Å"†¦ who treasured poetry, reveredRead MoreThe Legacy Of President Lyndon Baines Johnson1045 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Free at last, free at last....† President Lyndon Baines Johnson was born in Hill County in the August of 1908. As a child, he was a very smart, and he didn’t let his ‘low rank in society† affect his life. During his attendance at college, he took a job as a teacher. Lyndon Johnson started teaching at a segregated Mexican- American school. A segregated school was a school filled with one race, or can be seen as a racial isolation. In Cotulla, Texas, he taught Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh grade. AfterRead MoreThe Legacy Of Lyndon Baines Johnson1332 Words   |  6 PagesEarly life Lyndon Baines Johnson was born in Stonewall, Texas on August 27, 1908. He grew up right there in his hometown. His parents were Samuel Elay Johnson Jr. and Rebekah Baines. He was accompanied by his siblings Sam Houston Johnson, Rebekah Johnson, Lucia Johnson, and Josefa Johnson. For school he would run to the nearby, one-room junction school. He grew up on a farm but his grandfather had a dream of him becoming a member of the U.S. senate. He was a responsible young adult and out of collegeRead MoreCivil Rights Act Of 19641337 Words   |  6 PagesLindsey Overbeck Mr. Wieser Government 1 April 2016 Civil Rights Act of 1964 President Lyndon B. Johnson and President John F. Kennedy made many notable advances to outlaw discrimination in America. They fought against discrimination on race, color, religion, and national origin. Although the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments outlawed slavery, provided for equal protection under the law, guaranteed citizenship, and protected the right to vote, individual states continued to allow unfair treatment ofRead MoreLyndon Baines Johnson, also known as LBJ, was the 36th president of the United States. LBJ was800 Words   |  4 PagesLyndon Baines Johnson, also known as LBJ, was the 36th president of the United States. LBJ was very much involved in the political field as a Democrat, and he is one out of four people who served in all four elected federal offices of the United States (Representative, Senator, Vice President, and President). LBJ became president due to the assassination of John F. Kennedy as he was his running mate for the 1960 presidential election. He designed a piece of legislation called â€Å"Great Society† thatRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 1964879 Words   |  4 PagesAfter Lyndon Baines Johnson was inaugurated as the 37th President of the US, Johnson obtained a powerful influence in the Oval Office. Expanding upon President John F. Kennedy s New Frontier programs, Johnson wanted to expand civil rights and wage war on poverty. More than fifty years later, the effects of the Great Society on American life can still be felt. Civil rights fell under the scope of Johnson s Great Society programs. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a law that ended discriminationRead MoreLyndon Baines Johnson1420 Words   |  6 Pagesdisarray. Rights as a whole were virtually non-existent. The country was extremely lacking in the health department. As a whole, the United States was losing people to poverty, it seemed, by the minute. Most importantly, however, racism and the limited power of black people was alive and well. Lyndon Baines Johnson changed that. He and his seven year long program, the Great Society, would change the aspect and the life of the minority forever. Lyndon Johnson became an integral part of the civil rightsRead MorePresident Lyndon B. Johnson1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe one president that is phenomenal is Lyndon Baines Johnson. Lyndon has changed society from 1963 to 1969, with his Great Society Programs, Civils Rights Act, and many more that has impacted society since he came to offic e. Johnson was born in August 1908 Stonewall, Texas and died in Stonewall, Texas in January 1973, he was the 36th president, married to Lady Bird Johnson. LBJ succeeded by Richard Nixon. He was Vice President under JFK, John F. Kennedy, from 1961 to 1963 then became president in

Group Example

Essays on Group Coursework Group Dynamics According to sociologists a group is defined as an interaction process between two or more individual who share the same features and have a collective sense of unity with each other. Individuals within a group are able to gain an identity and a sense of belonging. In addition, a group is mainly characterized by a common goal and objectives, cultural values and accepted norms and a similar interest. Sociologists have further established two types of groups that are based on their features; a primary group and a secondary group. Examples of a primary group include family groups, church groups, and love relations among others. Examples of secondary groups involve community and help groups. Therefore a family as a primary group will be highlighted in the essay (Forsyth, 2-6). The functionalist perspective in understanding groups was based on the works of Herbert Spencer and Emile Durkheim. Functionalism holds that society involves an interconnection of various parts that work in harmony for the purposes of enhancing the social balance. A family contributes essential functions of socialization, nurturing and reproduction in the society. The conflict theory is mainly based on the works of Karl Marx. In relation to existence of groups in the society conflict theorists argue that society is composed into different groups as a result of competition for power and resources. Hence, a family as a exercises its own power and benefit from the existing social arrangement. Symbolic interactionism largely the works of George Simmel argues that the sense of identity is fashioned through the process of social interaction. Thus, self-concept is developed through the interaction process that a family as a group facilitates (Mooney et.al. 1-3).Works CitedForsyth, Donelson. Group Dynamics. Introduction to Group Dynamics. Fourth Edition. Thomson Learning Academic Centre. 2006.Mooney, Knox and Schacht. The Three main Sociological Perspectives. Understanding Social Pro blems, 5th edition. 2007.

Advances And Development Of Tourism A Literature Of Review

Advances of Technology in Tourism: A Literature of Review Introduction Technologies have influenced the growth and development of tourism industry in many ways. The issue that will be covered in this literature review is the advances of technology in tourism. The purpose of this literature review will explore the major opportunities for tourism service providers. The literature gathered from a variety of resources in particular areas of Internet and social media, innovation of technology in multimedia and hotel design, and transport technology. Role of Technology in Tourism Nowadays, the use of technology has grown rapidly in the world. Technology has come and has improved the mode of transportation and information in recent decades, whereas the opportunities for tourism were seemed very limited far before the 20th century (Murthy,2008). United Nations of World Tourism Organisation (2015) noted that the tourism industry has experienced a continuous and rapid growth during the last six decades, and become the fastest growing economic sector and leading industry in the world. Statista (2013) also found that tourism and travel industry have directly impacted on the global economy, and have contributed 2.2 trillion U.S dollars in 2013 from accommodation, entertainment, attraction and transportation. From this perspective, it can be agreed that high technology has played significant roles in the development of tourism industry. UNWTO Affiliate member (2011) suggestedShow MoreRelatedArticle Review: Why Sustainable Tourism Must Address Climate Change by Da niel Scott1278 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Sustainable Tourism and Climate Change Introduction This paper reviews Daniel Scotts article in the Journal of Sustainable Times Why sustainable tourism must address climate change. Objectives Scott takes issue with a previous article written by David Weaver in the Journal of Sustainable Times. According to Scotts narrative, Weaver presented several interrelated issues that essentially dispute some of the proven science of climate change. Climate change studies are valid and the researchRead MoreLiterature Review: Nature-Based Tourism1619 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Literature Review: Nature-based Tourism Nature Based Tourism Nature-based tourism is defined any kind of tourism that depends on experiences openly connected to natural lures and this does involve things like ecotourism, extractive tourism, wildlife tourism adventure tourism, and nature retreats (Schumacher, 2007). From the position of conservation, nature-based tourism delivers inducements for local communities and landowners to protect wildlife environments that are upon which the industryRead MoreTitle713 Words   |  3 Pagesthe set targets in line with the overall retail targets plan. Additionally, I am directly responsible for personnel management. This includes staff scheduling, coaching staff in their day to day activities, identifying training development needs, and performance reviews. Secondary tasks include stock monitoring, stock ordering, cash handling and the overall management and upkeep of the retail outlets which fall within my domain. Retail Sales Manager – (Micro Media Ltd) Period: March 2003Read MoreEnhancing the Tourist Destination: An analysis of the Official Tourism Website of Indonesia1378 Words   |  6 PagesB. Literature Review 1. Tourism Discourse Tourism is a movement which comprises the straight interaction between cultures and all that this conception consist of namely culture and heritage, folklore, customs, gastronomy, dancing, rules, etc. The relationship between language and tourism has been paid attention by some scholars such as MacCannell (1976) and Urry (1990) who argue the tourism development depends on language use and how to construct and define the tourist experience and destinationRead MoreFuture Impact of Climate Change on Alpine Winter Tourism1487 Words   |  6 PagesFuture impact of climate change on Alpine winter tourism Climate change is a major issue that shapes present decision making and presents possible challenges for future leaders (Grundmann 2006). The impact of climate change on Alpine winter tourism is examined in this article. The authors main argument is that climate change has the capacity to influence negatively the numbers and types of tourist that visit alpine areas. The influence occurs because climate change has an influence on the weatherRead MoreCross Culture Platform And Heritage Theme Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pageswide range of in-house services like Gymnasium, Restaurant, Spa, Swimming pool, Conference hall, Banquet Hall, Souvenir shop, Theme evenings, and Puppet shows. To be with time and to survive in cut throw competition, we will adopt most latest and advance technology. We are going to start King Darbar hotel is at Ahmedabad ,Guajarat. Ahmedabad is commercial city of Gujarat and strongest transportation system such as Railway, AMTS, BRTS, Metro Train and Airport is just 15min away from our Hotel. KingRead MoreTravel Agency1721 Words   |  7 Pagesdynamically growing in the recent years, not only in the number of tourist but also the number of it’s different fields. One of these is the expansion of Travel Agencies. Travel Agency is one of the service intensive industries and indispensible among the tourism business. But what is the specific role of travel agency in the hospitality industry and how does it affect the whole industry. Travel Agency is defined as a retail business selling travel-related products and services to customers on behalf ofRead MoreThe Cultural Heritage Within The Uk1731 Words   |  7 Pagesdue to the sustainability of Cultural Heritage within the UK. For relevance to future generations, museums and galleries must show their social purpose by becoming increasingly aware of visitors wants need for a valuable experience. Through the development of their customer service roles will help examine the ways in which museums can expand their communication practices and achieve best practice (McLeod, 2012). Per ONS (Office of National Statistics) states that since 2008, there has been 10 millionRead MoreNew-Fangled League: Cruise, Medical, Film, Wedding and Spiritual Tourism5184 Words   |  21 PagesWedding and Spiritual tourism Shivgit Dhaliwal 1.Abstract Tourism is an age old activity associated with civilized nations. Thus, tourism literature too has a long history. This paper critically exam the positioning of a New-fangled league of tourism products in India. The creation of New- fangled tourism products like medical tourism, spiritual tourism, religious circuits, wedding tourism, cruise tourism, caravan tourism and film tourism has served to widenRead MoreMarket Segmentation in Hospitality Research6132 Words   |  25 PagesMarket segmentation in hospitality research: no longer a sequential process John T. Bowen William F. Harrah College of Hotel Administration, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA Explores development in market segmentation relating to hospitality and tourism research published between 1990 and 1998. The literature is divided into three sections: segmenting a market; market targeting and marketing positioning. Identiï ¬ es new areas for research, deeper examination of segments, identiï ¬ cation of difference

Arts and crafts movement Essay Example For Students

Arts and crafts movement Essay Their focus was to emphasize a new appreciation of traditional craftsmanship using simple forms. They wanted the designs to not only be enjoyed by the consumer but by the creator as well. The philosophy of John Risking was his social criticism of machinery and he believed it the root of social evil. He was concerned about the decrease of rural handicrafts and the traditional skills being lost through modernization. The main controversy raised by the movement was how practical it could be in he modern world. Progressives claimed that it was trying to relive the past and that the Arts and Crafts Movement could not be taken as practical in mass urban and industrialized society. But the ideas still managed to spread throughout all of Europe and eventually to North America. Though in Europe the movement stood for anti-industrialism in America the ideas ever slightly different. They embraced the movement because they felt it could be enable a new experience in industrial consumerism. The movement flourished in the arts era of Art Nouveau and Art Deco, especially in the middle class. It initiated the attempts to reinterpret European arts and crafts ideals for architecture and furniture. The designs emphasized the qualities of the materials being used, often using patterns inspired by British flora. They were influenced by the Gothic Revival and were interested in medieval styles, using bold forms and strong colors based on medieval designs. They claimed to believe in the moral purpose of art. Truth to material, structure and function. The reason for the decline of The Arts and Crafts Movement Is relevant to the 1836 death tot William Morris. Continuing growth of industrialization was a factor as well because as a society we had grown dependent on its convenience. Although there were hundreds of organizations and guilds that were created that carried the spiritual and aesthetic message of the movement and its leaders, over the next decade the interest slowly declined as people looked for the next design fad and the upcoming international tensions that would flare up just before World War l.

Clinical Audits and Handwashing free essay sample

Clinical Audit is a tool used to examine the practices of health care professionals implemented in a health care environment. Clinical audit can be defined as a clinically led initiative which seeks to improve the quality and outcome of patient care through clinicians examining and modifying their practices according to the standards of what can be achieved, based on the best available evidence’ (Morrell Harvey 1999). Audit has many benefits: increasing the quality of patient care directly, professional development, promoting teamwork, and demonstrating quality to purchasers and consumers (Gannon, 2004). In this assignment, using standard audit criteria the author will undertake a clinical audit in a general nursing area. Clinical Governance was introduced by the British government in 1998 Meal et al, 2004). Taylor and Jones (2006) recognise clinical governance as the framework that ensures that NHS organisations are accountable for continually improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will develop. The introduction of Clinical Governance (National Assembly Wales, (2000) cited by Donaldson and Mullally, 2004) has placed increased emphasis on the use of audit to measure the implementation of policies and procedures relating to infection control. Clinical governance is about changing the way people work; demonstrating that leadership, teamwork and communication is as important to high quality care as risk management and clinical effectiveness (Tait, 2004). Tait (2004) also states that clinical governance requires changes at three levels: individual health care professionals need to embrace change, primary care teams need to become multidisciplinary with clear understanding, primary care organisations need to put in place systems and local arrangements to support such teams. Before carrying out an audit, the reasons for and benefits of carrying it out should be identified. Audits are carried out to ensure that practices are safely provided and evidence-based using current research. In order to undertake an audit, staff must be informed of the process of audit. Providing staff with sufficient information about an audit, including details about what it involves and how areas of poor practice will be dealt with, may help to increase practitioners’ willingness to participate in the project (Ashmore, 2005). Staff willing to carry out an audit must be educated on the process of audit, thus they should have an understanding of the stages of clinical audit. The author will proceed to discuss the stages of audit with reference to a clinical audit that was carried out while on clinical placement in the general setting. There are five stages of clinical audit. The first stage is to choose a topic for audit. In order to select a relevant topic the auditor must consider a few questions such as: is there evidence of a serious quality problem, for example patient complaints? Is the topic a priority for the organisation? Is the problem concerned amenable to change? Is it a situation that can be improved with a responsible amount of time and effort? (NICE, 2002). The topic selected for audit must be related to patient well-being. For the purpose of this assignment the topic of effective hand washing was chosen for audit. Prior to undertaking the audit, permission from patients, medical staff, nursing staff, healthcare assistants and house-keeping staff was obtained verbally. In the case of any medical procedure including clinical audit, informed consent must always be acquired (Van Dokkum, 2005). The second stage of the audit process is agreeing or reviewing standards. By working against either local or national standards, audit can prove effective in revealing practice that is either compliant or non-compliant. Before carrying out the audit, the author researched some relevant literature that contributed to the standard that was set for the audit. The World Health Organisation recommends hand-washing at five different points in contact with a patient: before patient contact, before aseptic task, after bodily fluid exposure, after patient contact and after patient surroundings contact (WHO, 2006). A study by Golan et al (2006), illustrates that hand hygiene compliance among nurses is lower than expectations. The standard set by the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2003), is that hands must be decontaminated immediately before each and every episode of direct patient contact or care and after any activity or contact that could potentially result in hands becoming contaminated, and also that hands must be decontaminated, preferably with an alcohol-based hand rub unless hands are visibly soiled, between caring for different patients, or between different care activities for the same patient. According to Girou et al (2002), an alcohol-based solution is significantly more efficient in reducing hand contamination than antiseptic soap. These standards where used by the student to devised an audit eligible to measure them efficiently. In stage three of the audit, the assigned examiner in accordance with the audit tool must collect data from current practice. This data has to be as understandable as possible to achieve the correct results. The most effective way to audit is to develop a questionnaire that can assess a situation effectively. When developing an audit tool, it is important to keep it simple. Complex questions will over-complete the audit procedure and lead to inaccurate findings. The audit tool that the author developed was a questionnaire that contained questions with an answer that was either yes/no or non-applicable. The questions chosen for the audit tool where: 1. Do nursing staff use the correct procedure for decontaminating hands? 2. Do nursing staff thoroughly dry hands after decontamination? 3. Is hand hygiene performed prior to patient contact? 4. Is hand hygiene performed following patient contact? With the audit tool completed, the student set about observing practice. The student selected a time when the ward was really busy, so as to catch people off guard. The student observed ten instances of hand washing on the ward, nine of these instances where either preceded or followed with patient contact. All participants observed were nursing staff, and each individual was fully informed that the audit was going to take place. They were not, however, told when the audit was going to take place, in order to prevent simulation. With reference to the first question, 80% of the participants used the correct procedure to decontaminate their hands. With regards the second question, 100% of participants thoroughly dried their hands after decontamination. With regards to the third question, 40% of participants performed hand hygiene prior to patient contact however 100% of participants performed hand hygiene following patient contact. After all data is collected the next stage in the audit cycle can be followed. The fourth stage is where data and findings are compared with the set standards. This is where one can find out whether results meet the set standards or not. The results of this audit did not fully meet the initial standards as only 80% of the participants used the correct procedure to decontaminate their hands successfully. The NICE guidelines (2003) stated that hands must always be contaminated before and after patient activity and in this case 60% failed to follow hand hygiene procedures before patient contact whereas all participants successfully followed hand hygiene procedures after patient contact. Overall only 80% used the correct hand hygiene procedure when decontaminating hands. In the authors’ opinion, the percentage of participants that did not adhere to hand hygiene procedures prior to patient contact is extremely low and shows definite room for improvement. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2002) state that staff must take care to avoid any act or omission that could reasonably be foreseen as likely to cause injury or harm to themselves or another, therefore, they must follow guidelines designed to reduce the risk of infection to both themselves and their patients. However the author feels that the overall percentage of participants that demonstrated the correct procedure for hand hygiene was satisfactory in this instance. Once results are analyzed and compared with standards the fifth stage of the audit process can be commenced. Stage five is where suggestions for improvement are explored and discussed. These changes are then implemented to bring about change in a certain situation that has been audited. Changes should be implemented with recent relevant evidence-based information. Changing health care practice is commonly attempted by feedback of performance data measured by clinical audit (Reilly et al, 2002). Once these changes are implemented they must be monitored to prove that they are effective, efficient and applied appropriately in practice. For the purposes of this assignment, a few possible changes that could raise compliance with hand hygiene where discussed but not in fact executed. Cooper and Hewison (2002) believe that the use of audit in clinical health settings can bring about improvements in quality of care which is what every health care professional strives to achieve. The author purposes that training sessions for correct hand hygiene procedures are routinely scheduled and carried out by a trained infection control nurse for this ward with attendance records of staff that receive the training. From the records one can see how often the staffs’ knowledge of accurate hand hygiene is updated. An advantage of hand hygiene training routinely available on wards is that all staff will have evidence-based information on hand hygiene which will lead to more effective patient care. The author considers that routine training on the ward will increase staff awareness of hand hygiene and will also educate healthcare professionals to the correct timing and technique of hand hygiene. If this were to be implemented a follow up audit would have to be carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the training. While the audit process proves effective in measuring practice against procedures there can be drawbacks to clinical audit. If the audit tool is too complicated results can be misconstrued which leads to false outcomes (Rostami et al, 2009). This can then mislead the reader into thinking that practice is either effective or non-effective with the set standards. If results from a particular audit are incorrectly obtained or recorded, preventative measures implemented due to them may be time consuming, expensive and can also cause a reduction in the quality of care patients receive as opposed to increasing the quality of care. When partaking in this audit the author found no huge restrictions during the collection or analysis of data however, the author felt that some of the participants where aware that the author was observing them thus influencing them to perform correct hand hygiene procedures. The author felt that there were no additive measures that could have been implemented to prevent this from occurring in this case. In conclusion, this assignment has discussed what is meant by clinical audit and what the functions of performing an audit are. Audits are carried out to measure the effectiveness of certain clinical procedures and to measure how well healthcare professionals adhere to policies and standards set specifically for any given area. The author also discussed using relevant literature the term of clinical governance. It basically means an approach to maintaining and improving the quality of patient care by observation of current practice within a health care environment that was brought about by the British government. In this assignment the author also discussed a clinical audit take was put into effect while on placement in a general setting. The author also discussed the five stages of audit while also referring to the audit that was carried out. Findings of the audit were reviewed and compared with standards and possible solutions for change were talked about. From the audit, the author can see that more emphasis should be placed on hand hygiene prior to and after patient contact. The author also believes that in order to carry out an audit the individual must be educated in the process of audit and willing to make the necessary changes for improving practice for patient care. The author would advise all health care professionals to update their knowledge of clinical audit by attending workshops and seminars on the topic of audit (Kinn et al, 1994).