“Death Of Constable Scanlon” †Sidney Nolan Essay

When Sidney Nolan painted the Ned Kelly series, he was interested in an ‘authentic national vision’. The first series was made up of 27 paintings from 1946-1947. The paintings all-together form a storyboard, telling the legend of Ned Kelly. One of them in particular is ‘Death of Constable Scanlon’. The series, including this one, were all painted with Ripolin enamel on hardboard. You can see the many brushstrokes but some objects are painted completely solid for example Ned Kelly himself and the clothes of the constable. The painting is full of things, and it is a scene from the bush land. No buildings can be seen but there are many trees and shrubs on a bare, yellow ground. The constable has fallen from his horse and they both are in mid air, while Ned Kelly is standing to the left holding a smoking rifle. The painting is very out of proportion, this is evident in how the constable is placed. If you look at the two rifles, the constable is in front and therefore should be larger than Ned’s, but isn’t. Ned is the largest object, followed closely by the constable and the horse to the right, they together make up the foreground. Going back further into the painting there is a fence, distant trees, a tent and another horse and policeman. The figures themselves are very oddly shaped, like 2D objects cut out from paper. Ned is a simple, black silhouette with his eyes closed and hand holding the rifle. The trees and objects in the background seem to have more shape to them and show shadows that help. The painting is made up of very warm colours, of browns, yellows and oranges. There is an interesting patch of blue sky in the to right hand corner, and definitely doesn’t match the rest of the sky which is very dark and almost like a sunset. The constable looks very out of place with his formal uniform, quite opposite to Ned Kelly who seems like a natural part of the scenery. The focal point of this painting is the Constable falling to his death. Ned  Kelly though is considered the main focus of all the paintings, and all the events that happened around him. The painting is very flat and you are lead into the work by first observing the falling man. The foreground is the first focus and then you go backwards and notice the smaller objects and people in the background. The mood is quite hard to describe, even though it shows the last few seconds of Constable Scanlon’s life before hitting the ground and dying instantly, its almost comical in its appearance. Nolan was trying to capture a moment in Australian History. The legend of Ned Kelly and his gang is well known and the series followed their story. He was trying to ‘depict a national myth’. He portrays Ned Kelly as a legend, not the man himself. Nolan talked of this particular painting, he said, â€Å"In a sudden, violent accident time seems to stand still. I have exaggerated, the bridle must have been long, but that at the levitated horse and constable increase the unreality of violent events. Kelly seems to be present only as a force of destiny.† The Ned Kelly series now belong to the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra. They are a perfect example of the once then growing Expressionism and emerging Modernism. They would best fit into the Expressivism category as Nolan interpreted the legend into his own personal style.

Micro and Macro Environment of Cadbury Dairy Milk

3/19/2013 Opening Case †¢ It was the early 1930s when a physician –turned textile trade in rural Karnataka found his business getting interrupted for want of regular supplies of cloth from the weavers. When he enquired with weavers about the reason for their irregularity, he was told that there was no working capital available to them. There were no banks in the area. The one located in the town was not interested in lending to small operators particularly in the rural area.Local money lenders used to change very high rates of interest; borrowing at those rates had ruined same in the past. The weavers therefore have developed a habit of working intermittently as and when their own money from sales come in. Introduction Marketing Module-1 Opening Case †¢ The trader therefore had to find a way to ensure uninterrupted supply of goods in his shop, without which his own business was not viable.He thought of bringing the good from Mumbai, but found that the process be very expensive and time consuming, a the area did not have any direct road /rail links with Mumbai. Besides, transporters were not all reliable. Introduction Marketing occupies an important position in the organization of business unit. Any business is likely to be successful when a strong marketing viewpoint or philosophy permeates the thinking and guides the decision and actions of everyone in the business.A business exists only to serve people, and marketing is the function that primarily determines – 1 3/19/2013 Introduction What the product or services shall be How it shall be presented, promoted and distributed How it shall be priced. What is Marketing? Classical Definitions ( Product Oriented View) â€Å" The performance of business activities that directs the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user† â€Å" Marketing consists of those efforts which affect transfers in the ownership of goods and services and provide for their physical distributi on†What is Marketing? Modern Definitions ( Customer Oriented View) â€Å" Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of value with others† According to American Marketing associationâ€Å" Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals† What is Marketing Management? Marketing Management is the art and science of choosing target market and getting, keeping and growing customers through creating, delivering and communicating superior customer value† â€Å" Marketing Management is the marketing concept in action† 2 3/19/2013 What is Marketed? Goods Services Events & Experiences Persons Places & Properties Organizations Information Ideas A Brief History of Marketing 3 Areas P roduction Economies of scale. Simple products 1945 Birth of the mass consumer market 1950 Sales Development of sales forces to distinguish products in competitive markets. Sold what companies wanted to sell.Evolving distribution channels 1960 Increasing diversity of media & technologies Marketing Rapidly increasing competition†¦the fight for customers. A Brief History of Marketing 1960s A Brief History of Marketing Massive rise in customer expectations Increasing competition Massive growth in advertising Growth in ‘direct’ marketing Much easier for customers to switch business Proliferation of channels, dictated increasingly by customers †¦a growing need for 2-way dialogue between business & The 4 Ps Product (goods, services, knowledge) Price Promotion Place The dominant marketing template for the last 40 years But†¦ notice something curious†¦.Where is the customer mentioned? customers 3 3/19/2013 Development of Marketing Approaches Evolution Of Mark eting Transactional Relationship Production Concept Product Concept Selling Concept Marketing Concept Holistic Marketing one-off investment in products market segmentation short-term profit relationship-building investment in customers customer analysis long-term profit Late 1800 Early 1900 Early 1930 Mid 1950 1990 Production Concept Consumers prefer products that are widely available and inexpensive Managers of production – oriented businesses Concentrate on achieving high production efficiency, Low costs, and mass distribution.The production era can be divided into four phases ? Subsistence phase ? Made to order phase ? Early production for market phase ? Mass production for market phase Product Concept Consumers favor products that offer the most quality, performance, or innovative features. Managers in product oriented organizations focus their energy on making superior products and improving them over time. To improve quality and innovation companies gave importance to p roduct engineering. Some times the product concept leads to marketing myopia. Marketing myopia means – focus on the product rather than customers need 4 3/19/2013Selling Concept The selling concept holds that consumers and businesses, if left alone, will ordinarily not buy enough of the organizational products. Consumers will buy products only if the company aggressively promotes/sells these products. The selling concept is practiced most aggressively with unsought goods that buyers normally do not think of buying such as insurance, encyclopedias etc. Firms practice the selling concept when they have over capacity. It gives more importance to seller needs Selling Concept Starting point Factory Focus Existing products Means Selling and promotion Ends Profits through sales volumeThe selling concept Marketing Concept Focuses on needs/ wants of target markets & delivering value better than competitors. The Marketing concept holds that the key to achieving its organizational goals consists of the company being more effective than competitors in creating delivering and communicating superior customer value to its chosen target markets. The Marketing concept rests on four pillars ? Target Market ? Customer needs ? Integrated marketing ? Profitability Marketing Concept Starting point Market Focus Customer Needs Means Integrated Marketing Ends Profits through Customer satisfactionThe Marketing concept 5 3/19/2013 Selling V/S Marketing Concept Starting point Factory Selling V/S Marketing Concept Ends Profits through sales volume Focus Existing products Means Selling and promotion Focuses on the needs of seller Profit through sales volume Planning is short term oriented Marketer first makes the product and then figures out how to sell it. Importance selling to aggressive Focuses on the needs of buyer Profit through customer satisfaction Planning is long term oriented Marketer first determines the needs and wants of the customers and then delivers the product to sa tisfy those needs and wants.Importance integrated marketing (a) The selling concept Market Customer needs Integrated marketing Profits through customer satisfaction (b) The marketing concept Societal Marketing Concept ? The Societal Marketing concept holds that organization’s task is to determine the needs , wants and interests of target markets and to deliver the desired satisfaction more effectively and efficiently than competitors in way that preserve the customers and society’s well being. ? It calls upon marketers to build social and ethical considerations into their marketing practices. There should be balance between company profits, customer satisfaction, and public interest. Societal Marketing Concept Society (Human Welfare) Societal Marketing Concept Consumers Company (Want Satisfaction) (Profits) 6 3/19/2013 Holistic Marketing Core Concepts of Marketing Core Concepts Needs, wants, and demands Marketing offers: including products, services and experiences â⠂¬ ¢ Value and satisfaction †¢ Exchange, transactions and relationships †¢ Markets †¢ †¢ †¢ Need ? State of felt deprivation ? Example: Need food †¢ Wants ? The form of needs as shaped by culture and the individual †¢ Demands ? Wants which are backed by buying powerCore concepts of Marketing Core Concepts of Marketing Core Concepts Needs, wants, and demands Marketing offers: including products, services and experiences †¢ Value and satisfaction †¢ Exchange, transactions and relationships †¢ Markets †¢ †¢ †¢ Marketing offer ? Combination of products, services, information or experiences that satisfy a need or want ? Offer may include services, activities, people, places, information or ideas Core Concepts Needs, wants, and demands Marketing offers: including products, services and experiences †¢ Value and satisfaction †¢ Exchange, transactions and relationships †¢ Markets †¢ †¢ †¢ Value Cus tomers form expectations regarding value ? Marketers must deliver value to consumers †¢ Satisfaction ? A satisfied customer will buy again and tell others about their good experience 7 3/19/2013 Core Concepts of Marketing Core Concepts of Marketing Core Concepts Needs, wants, and demands Marketing offers: including products, services and experiences †¢ Value and satisfaction †¢ Exchange, transactions and relationships †¢ Markets †¢ †¢ †¢ Exchange ? The act of obtaining a desired object from someone by offering something in return ? One exchange is not the goal, relationships with several exchanges are the goal ?Relationships are built through delivering value and satisfaction Core Concepts Needs, wants, and demands Marketing offers: including products, services and experiences †¢ Value and satisfaction †¢ Exchange, transactions and relationships †¢ Markets †¢ †¢ †¢ Market ? Set of actual and potential buyers of a produ ct ? Marketers seek buyers that are profitable Core Concepts of Marketing Core Concepts of Marketing Core Concepts Target Market Marketing place, Marketing Space and Meta Market †¢ Segmentation †¢ Marketers Prospects †¢ Relationship Marketing and Networks †¢ †¢ Distinctive category of market which includes market for company’s products and services Core Concepts Target Market Market Place, Market Space and Meta Market †¢ Segmentation †¢ Marketers Prospects †¢ Relationship Marketing and Networks †¢ †¢ †¢ Market place ? Market place is physical. As one goes shopping in a store Market Space ? Market space is digital. As one goes shopping on internet †¢ †¢ Meta Market ? Meta market is a cluster of complementary product and services that are closely related in the minds of consumers but are spread across a a diverse set of industries. 8 3/19/2013Core Concepts of Marketing Core Concepts of Marketing Core Concepts Need s, wants, and demands Market place, Market space and Meta market †¢ Segmentation †¢ Marketers Prospects †¢ Relationship Marketing and Networks †¢ †¢ †¢ Segmentation ? Grouping of consumers according to such characteristics as income, age, degree of urbanization, race, or education Core Concepts †¢ Target Market †¢ Market Place, market †¢ Marketer ?Marketer is seeking response. someone Space and Meta Market †¢ Prospect ?Prospect is someone giving response. †¢ Segmentation †¢ Marketers and Prospects †¢ Relationship marketing nd Network Core Concepts of Marketing Core Concepts of Marketing Core Concepts Target Market Market Place, market Space and Meta Market †¢ Segmentation †¢ Marketers and Prospects †¢ Relationship Marketing and Network †¢ †¢ †¢ Relationship Marketing ? Building mutually satisfying long-term relations with key partiescustomers, supplies, distributors in order to earn and re tain their business Core Concepts †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Marketing Network ? Marketing network consists of the company and its supporting stakeholders with whom it has built mutually profitable business relationshipMarketing Channels Supply Chain Marketing Mix Competition †¢ Sets of Inter dependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption 9 3/19/2013 Core Concepts of Marketing Core Concepts of Marketing Core Concepts †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Supply Chain ?Longer channel stretching from raw materials to components to final products that are carried to final buyers Core Concepts †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Marketing Mix ? MM is the set of marketing tools, the firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives in the target market. Product Pric e Place (Distribution) PromotionMarketing Channel Supply Chain Marketing Mix Competition Marketing Channels Supply Chain Marketing Mix Compet ition Core Concepts of Marketing Marketing Environment Core Concepts †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Marketing Channels Supply Chain Marketing Mix Competition †¢ Competition ?Rivalry to attract customers discretionary income †¢ It includes ?Generic Competition ? Brand Competition ? Form Competition ? Industry Competition †¢ The actors and forces that affect a firm’s ability to build and maintain successful relationships with customers. †¢ It consists of ? Internal Marketing Environment ? External Marketing Environment 10 /19/2013 Internal Marketing Environment †¢ ? ? ? ? ? ? These are controllable factors Value System Vision, mission, and Objectives Organizational structure Marketing Staff Company Reputation Financial Factors External Marketing Environment ? Microenvironment: †¢ Actors close to the company Micro Level Influences that affect a particular firm ? Macro environment †¢ Larger societal forces Macro Level Influences that affect all firms The Microenvironment Forces in the Microenvironment company’s immediate environment and that affect the company’s ability to produce goods and services and serve consumers. 1 3/19/2013 Suppliers †¢ †¢ †¢ Suppliers are those who supply the raw material and components to the company. Reliable sources of supply are necessary for smooth functioning of business. It is very risk to depend on a single supplier because a strike, lockout or any other production problem with supplies may seriously affect the company. ? Treat suppliers as partners. Customers †¢ †¢ †¢ A business exits only because of its customers. A company may have different categories of customer like individuals, households. Industries and other institutions.Depending on a single customer is risky because it may place company in poor bargaining position. †¢ Suppliers help to create and deliver customer value. Customers †¢ Customer markets must be studied. †¢ Market types ? Consumer ? Business ? Government ? Reseller ? International Competitors †¢ In general competitors are those who sell the goods and services of the same and similar products in the same market. †¢ A firms competitors include not only the other firms which are marketing same products but also those who compete for the discretionary income of the consumer. Successful companies provide better customer value than the competition ? Size and industry position help to determine the competitive strategy. 12 3/19/2013 Marketing Intermediaries †¢ Every producer has to appoint a number of intermediaries in assisting him in promoting, selling and distributing the goods and services to ultimate customers. †¢ Marketing intermediaries help the firm in overcoming the discrepancies in quality , place, assortment. ?Intermediaries take many forms. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Resellers Physical distribution firms Marketing services agencies Financial intermediaries Publics A public is any group that has actual or potential interest in or impact on company’s ability to achieve its objectives. †¢ It is the duty of the company to satisfy the people at large, which is necessary for future stay and growth. †¢ In order to build goodwill and seek favorable response from the public, it is necessary for the firm to satisfy the needs of the public as well. Macro Environment †¢ These factors are external to the firm and are quite uncontrollable Demographic Environment †¢ Study of the population in terms of age, sex, size of the population, family size, and occupation is known as demography. Rapidly increasing population indicates a growing demand for many products. †¢ Increasing population also indicates that availability of surplus labour which affects the wage rates. 13 3/19/2013 Demographic Environment †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Population growth Population age mix Ethnic markets Educational groups Household patterns Geographical shifts Economic Forces †¢ Affects consumer purchasing power and spending patterns. †¢ Income Distribution †¢ Savings, Debt, and Credit †¢ factors relating to the economic conditions, systems, economic policies of a country and includes structure f economy, agriculture, industrial sectors, transportation etc Natural Environment †¢ Concern for the natural environment has grown steadily, increasing the importance of these trends: ? Shortage of raw materials ? Increased pollution ? Increased governmental Technological Environment ?The technological environment is characterized by rapid change. ?New technologies create new opportunities and markets but make old technologies obsolete. ?The U. S. leads the world in research and development spending. ? Pace of change ? Opportunities for innovation ? Varying R&D budgets ? Increased regulation of change ntervention ? Shortage of raw materials ? Increased energy costs ? Anti-pollution p ressures ? Governmental protections 14 3/19/2013 The Political Environment †¢ Includes laws, governmental agencies, and pressure groups that impact organizations and individuals. †¢ Increased legislation to protect businesses as well as consumers. †¢ Changes in governmental agency enforcement. †¢ Increased emphasis on ethical behavior and social responsibility. The Cultural Environment †¢ Is composed of institutions and other forces that affect a society’s basic values, perceptions, preferences, and behaviors. The cultural factors like buying and consumption habit of the people, customs and traditions, tastes and preferences, languages etc. are the factors that affect the Marketing strategy. SWOT Analysis Marketing Challenges in the globalised Economy †¢ Grey marketing †¢ Terrorism †¢ Skills and Competence gaps in knowledge about Customer Preferences †¢ Cultural differences 15 3/19/2013 Marketing Challenges in the globalised Econom y †¢ Nationalism †¢ Stability of Governments and Economic legislations. †¢ Corruption †¢ Property rights and Piracy †¢ Price Sensitivity Closing Copy Travel solution Ltd is a cutting edge IT Company in India. Its domain expertise is in finding software solutions for the Travel Industry. Its Client list included Thomas Cook, American airlines, Swissair besides several others. However the big 3 clients accounted for over 60% of the total business. The sales turnover of the company in the last financial year was Rs. 18 crore, of which over 90% was export earnings. Closing Copy †¢ The team strength of Travel solution Ltd had been augmented last year and the total number of employees touched to 120. Of this, over 20 were senior executives, with stock options.The hardcore design and systems work was executed by a team of 48 very highly paid executives, who formed the core team. This team was normally on deputation at client sites all year around. Closing Copy †¢ In the last 3 months, over 40 executives had been taken in, primarily in marketing, administration and HR. The average age of the company employee was 27 while the average salary was Rs. 4. 5 lakhs PA †¢ On September 21st, 2001, a board meeting of Travel solution Ltd was held in Bangalore at the headquarters to discuss and plan the strategy of the company for the next half year. 16 3/19/2013 17

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With 5 sources (you need at least 3 for your final essay) 100 - Annotated Bibliography Example Martin elaborates on the genesis and etiology of racial segregation in the college and competitive college sports. He elaborates being a previously white-dominated program has progressively become famous to the black population. However before the currently accepted participation of blacks and colored folk in sports there existed contentions and racial segregation. The historical background of racial discrimination will likely give the reader understanding of the driving forces of the practice. Tischauser describes the history and beginning of the Jim Crow laws and their implications on the colored populations. The attitudes and perceptions that led to their institution and legislation are also reviewed. Segregation has its genesis also in sports. The present professional football faced its share of racial interference. Levy analyzes the history of racial discrimination in sports and the eventual acceptance of colored people in its participation Over the years, racial segregation has undergone a metamorphosis. Previously openly demonstrated it is currently practiced under a well concealed itinerary of regulations and legislature. Tischauser explores the evolution of racial and ethnic conflict over the centuries and its current hallmarks in the

Alcoholic beverage Essay Example for Free

Alcoholic beverage Essay When the word alcohol is brought up, what do you think about? What comes to my mind is parties, and what people think they have to drink to have fun. Did you know that over 5,000 people under the age of 21 die each year from alcohol-related car crashes, suicides, homicides, alcohol poisoning, and other injuries such as falls, burns, and drowning? Alcohol can be a very dangerous substance if not treated correctly and drank responsibly. Alcohol is a form of a drug but unlike the other drug, marijuana, heroine, because this is socially accepted and is legal for anyone over the age of 21. It can have many good and bad affects to the body depending on whether you’re responsible or not. One way alcohol can be dangerous for the body is because it effects the brain and its functions. Long-term drinking can leave permanent damage, causing the brain to shrink and leading to several  ­deficiencies in the fibers that carry information between brain cells. Many alcoholics develop a condition called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, which is caused by a deficiency of B vitamin. This deficiency occurs because alcohol interferes with the way the body absorbs B vitamins. People with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome experience mental confusion and lack of coordination, and they may also have memory and learning problems. The body responds to the continual introduction of alcohol by coming to rely on it. This dependence causes long-term, debilitating changes in brain chemistry. The brain accommodates for the regular presence of alcohol by altering neurotransmitter production. But when the person stops or dramatically reduces his or her drinking, within 24 to 72 hours the brain goes into what is known as withdrawal as it tries to readjust its chemistry. Symptoms of withdrawal include disorientation, hallucinations, nausea, sweating and seizures. One of the bad things that can happen from alcohol is how it can affect family relationships. Married couples and partners also take on spontaneous roles when living with an alcoholic. Many non-alcoholics go into denial about their spouses addiction, or become afraid to confront the alcoholic in fear of what they could do or losing them. The partner may then develop a high tolerance to the alcoholic’s behaviors. The partner will begin to feel depressed, confused, or maybe even guilty. When either partners or spouses are alcoholics, they often are in denial of their problem and neither believes they are dependent of the drug. Adults and children often don’t see themselves in many of these discussed roles, which is why it’s extremely important for families to be a part of the alcoholics recovery process and to be very supportive when they try to get help. Alcohol can affect your life in some good or bad ways depending on how you drink, how often you drink, and how much you drink. It is better to drink responsibly and that means knowing when you have had enough. This normally means drinking only 1 to 2 glasses a day with a meal, and to also have a healthy diet that goes along with that. Otherwise the health benefits of drinking alcohol are gone, and replaced with some horrible side-effects.

Relationship Between Knowledge and Social Change

Relationship Between Knowledge and Social Change How are Changes in Knowledge Connected to Social Change? Introduction Knowledge and society have a reciprocal relationship. Religious and scientific ideas bring changes to the social order, likewise changes in society help to shape knowledge. This has been most evident since the time of the Enlightenment. From earliest times philosophers had concerned themselves with questions about God and about the human condition, what are sometimes called timeless truths. Sociology, on the other hand was more contextual and historical in that theorists were concerned with the historical emergence of all aspects of human social life. Sociology emerged through the conditions of modernity, which began in Europe in the 17th Century but later spread to become worldwide. The new scientific view questioned previously held ways of knowing and thinking about the world. Religious doctrine and teachings that had been seen as authoritative and objective truths which dictated the way most people lived their lives were called into question by advances in science. At the same time modernity engendered huge technological and social change that led to a break with what had gone before. The French revolution, and in England, the Industrial revolution, which dramatically changed the face of the social world, were decisive elements in the emergence of a theory of society that was distinct from other branches of philosophy (Giddens, 2001). The revolution was based on notions of individual freedom and human rights; it shook the social and political foundations of France and had repercussions across Europe. It also contained within it economic consequences that destroyed the foundations of feudal society. It questioned the idealized and inward looking existence of philosophy (see Morrison, 1995). Historical development’s impact on philosophy was most evident in Hegel’s work which had profound implications for the development of social theory. Hegel took the view that the revolution had not just influenced the way philosophy saw itself; it fundamentally changed the way philosophers dealt with reality and history. History and the social order had been seen as fixed, the revolution changed that and Hegel observed that as one form of social and political existence ended so another took its place.. Hegel viewed the individual as a subject within history and history as developmental and thus liberative. This was the first time that history and humanity’s role within it had been recognised as an ongoing and changing process. Other 19th century thinkers sought to understand the changing world in which they lived. Knowledge and Social Science Auguste Comte is sometimes called the founder of sociology as he coined the term. Comte was influenced by the way scientists investigated the physical world and he sought to create a science of society which would explain the social world in a similar manner. He believed that the scientific method allowed us to uncover universal laws. Comte’s thinking developed into what is known as positivism. This holds that science should be concerned with observable facts thus knowledge about society had to be based on empirical evidence i.e. observation and experiment (Callincos). Comte was followed by Durkheim who also took the view that social life should be studied in the same way that scientists studied the physical world. He and other positivists believed that social facts about the world could be established through the collection of statistical data. In this way sociologists could study cause and effect in society. For Durkheim sociology was about the discovery of social facts, sociologists should study aspects of life that shape individuals such as religion and economics. Because social change is so rapid the modern world presents us with difficulties that affect our lifestyles and cause human beings to feel unsettled. Durkheim described this process as anomie, a feeling of despair that was a result of modern life. The ideas of Karl Marx contrast with those of Comte and Durkheim who were interested in the structure of society.He also sought to explain the changes that were taking place in society. Marx said that the philosophers had only interpreted the world when it needed to be changed. Drawing on Hegel’s idea of the development of history Marx developed what he called a materialist conception of history (Morris, 1995). Social change, he argued is not the result of ideas, but of economic processes. Historical development is the result of class conflict. Religion was a false ideology that upheld the interests of the ruling class and kept the working classes in submission. Max Weber also wanted to understand social change but was critical of some of Marx’s views. Weber believed that ideas and values were just as important as economic processes and he felt that sociology should focus on action not structure (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000). Weber maintained that capitalism was not si mply the result of class conflict, what he termed the ‘spirit;’ of capitalism was the result of a particular view of the world. He maintained that capitalism was the direct result of a particular religious view of the world, that of Calvinism. They worked hard[1]because that was what God wanted and this resulted in the accumulation of capital. Their success was, for them, a sign of God’s grace. Thus, for Weber, rather than study society as a set of social facts, we need to try to understand the meanings that human beings give to their actions. This brought about a continuing divide in sociology between positivism and interpretavism, social structure versus human action. Those who follow an interpretative view of studying society argue that no causal explanation of human behaviour is possible without some understanding of the meanings that individuals give to their actions (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000).[2] Weber believed that human action was creative whereas Dur kheim believed that our actions were limited by social structures. Later Developments Marx, Durkheim and Weber, are known as the founding fathers of sociology who although divided in their accounts of society all sought to make sense of the changing societies that they lived in (Morrison, 1995). Their thought influenced later sociologists. Functionalism developed out of Durkheim’s thinking. Its most prominent thinkers are the American sociologists Robert Merton and Talcott Parsons. Functionalism holds that society is a system whose various parts work together and this produces social solidarity and cohesion (Giddens, 2001).[3] Thus functionalists examined the institutions of society, the family and education to show how they worked in the development of society and promoted social cohesion. Marx’s thinking developed largely through conflict theories. Inherent in Marx’s thought was the idea that one set of people in society were in conflict with another (the class divide) this has been most obvious in the development of feminist theories. Feminists such as Walby (1990) have used Marx’s analysis of class in the analysis of the rise of patriarchy and the struggle between the sexes. These relationships are characterised by the fact that one group has power and authority while another does not. Weber’s thought has been seen as important to the development of symbolic interactionism as found in the work of George Herbert Mead an American anthropologist. This view holds that individuals have an image of themselves that is reinforced by their interactions with others. Phenomenology is a further development of interactionism but it goes further than interactionists in that they focus solely on the subjective aspects of social life. The ideas of the founding fathers have been termed ‘grand theories’ but with the demise of modernity the idea that history is progressive has been called into question. Society is not a seamless whole but plural and diverse, it has thus been described as post-modern (Lyotard, 1989). Postmodernists argue that objective knowledge of the world is not possible because knowledge reflects the interests of its producers. Michel Foucault (1975) was a French sociologist who argued that knowledge was a result of the power relations that exist in society. Power works through discourse[4] and shapes our attitudes towards sexuality, crime and criminals and madness. Foucault, through his ‘archeology’ of knowledge[5] Foucault argued that what we understand of say mental illness or sexuality is a result of social development. Conclusion Clearly knowledge and social change are very closely linked. The immense changes in society over the past three hundred years have resulted in philosophers and social scientists attempting to understand the world, why things happen the way they do, why we do what we do. They also look at the development of social institutions, and in Foucault’s case[6] the development of knowledge itself through discourse. The emergence of sociology is directly related to social change and sociologists attempts to understand such changes have resulted in the production of knowledge. At the same time new knowledge about the world we live in helps to facilitate social change, e.g. feminist perspectives have resulted in huge changes in women’s status in today’s society. Bibliography Callinicos, A 1999 Social Theory New York, New York University Press Foucault, M 1991 (1975) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison Harmondsworth, Penguin Giddens, 2001 4th ed. Sociology Cambridge, Polity Haralambos and Holborn 2000 Sociology: Themes and Perspectives Collins, London Morrison, K 1995 Marx, Durkheim, Weber: Formations of Modern Social Thought 1 Footnotes [1] What Weber termed the Protestant work ethic [2] See page 972 [3] See page 17 [4] The way we talk and think about a subject An approach which tries to make sense of what we know and how we know it by digging into the past [5] [6] And also Khun’s with his ideas about paradigms or models of acceptable knowledge which change over time. Thus changing views about mental health, childbirth and parenting.

Advice For Losing Weight Diet And Exercise English Language Essay

Advice For Losing Weight Diet And Exercise English Language Essay Losing weight can be frustrating and demanding, at its worst. For the past few months, I have been keeping up with the pace of several weight loss tips to help you realize your dream of getting the body you want. Weight loss tips will change your life in great pace in full twist turn. However, before you enjoy the spotlight, you must run after it. Here are some tips to help you, may the journey to a great body be full of success: Be a water buddy. Water detoxifies the body and it will keep the system working in healthy and great pace. Water is non calorie fluid that you can take anytime and any amount you want. It will help your body to look and feel sexier and fitter. Water first. Before you take your slimming tea in the morning, drink a glass of water. Water will pass through your digestive system washing toxins and harmful agents away. Moreover, it is a nice remedy to solve your food intake water can kill your appetite. Drink another glass before mealtime. Water does not contain calories. You drink a glass before you eat it will make you feel full of cutting short your food intake. Drink water while eating your meal. Do not be overly focused in eating your meal chunks. Most people leave out the value of water while they are eating. The human body is mostly made of water; and it is very important to lead the body with enough water supply. Water will keep your stomach full without eating more food. Say no to sweetened food drinks. Soda drinking is not a good idea. Sodas, colas, and fizzy contain sugar one of the main sources of calories is sugar. If you want to lose weight faster, you need to stay away from food drinks and stick to the diet regimen you are following. Go for Water Substitute. If you dont like drinking much water, it is better to stick to watery foods. Lemons and tomatoes are water-based fruits that you can eat to supply your body with the necessary fluid for detoxification. Fruit Juice or Fresh Fruits. Bottled fruit juices are sweetened with sugar you need to stay away from these juices to cut short your sugar intake. Fresh fruits have natural sugar that is beneficial to the body. Go for Fresh Fruit Juice. If you cant stand not drinking fruit juices, it is advisable to stick to fresh fruit juices. Artificial or sweetened juices contain a high amount of sugar, and it will surely devastate your weight loss goals. Say no to processed fruits. You love eating pineapple cuts in cans? Well, it is time to say no to canned fruits. It is good to eat fresh fruits than processed ones avoid the toxins and win a great body. Be fibrous. There are several fruits and vegetables that contain fiber. Fiber helps in digesting foods and cleaning the digestive tract from toxins. Go vegan. Salad will do bets for your diet. There are several vegetables that will help you lose weight and stay healthy at the same time. You can get leafy vegetables as part of your daily food intake. Eat no-brainier. Eating is not just a physical movement. Before you take a chunk of beef, think if it will do good for you. Do not eat like a hungry mongrel. Consider what you eat and do not drive your bodys will. Choose it and chew. When faced with delicious food, choose what to bite. Leafy vegetables that serve as garnishments for the dish, are more nutritious and important than the real dish. Do not think about the price of the dish think about the nutrients you will get. Say no to sweets. Chocolates are really tasty and you would die to have a crunch. However, if you want to stay in the weight loss goal you have, it is very important to throw the next package you get. Do not indulge yourself to gluttony with chocolates and other sweets. Eat on time. Schedule your eating time. Be sure to feed your body with proper foods at a scheduled time. Any alterations to the mealtime will affect the food intake. Those who eat late will surely have tendency to eat more than what they should. Dont eat without the need. You have taken your dinner but you need to be in a party? Well, you can go to the party without eating another plate of pork. It is very important to control your food drive. Eat only if you are really hungry and do not make any excuse to stay away from the plan. Moreover, be sure to check if you are hungry or just thirsty do not interchange the feeling. Say no to snack in between. Most snacks settle on junk foods. If you need to eat a meal, then eat but do not take snacks in between. Junk foods are high in calories and other elements but a pack of junk foods will not make you full. Say no to snacks and weight loss faster. Have a vegan snack. You really need a bite of snacks? If you do, then try to control what you eat for snacks. Eating vegetables, instead of junk foods are a good idea. Vegetables like carrots will keep your stomach full. Plus, you are getting the most of the nutrients. There are other vegetables that you can take advantage if you want to have vegan snacks. Figure your coffee and tea. Coffee and tea may be good for the morning, but if you add a lot of sugar, you will surely go to fatso. Moreover, cream is just a great equivalent for chocolates. Before you pour another teaspoon of cream or sugar, think again. Say no to coffee, go for tea. Tea and coffee are a good combination for the cold morning. Tea contains antioxidants to keep your body in great consonance. On the other hand, caffeine in coffee may affect the metabolic processes of the body. Calculate. If you can calculate your money, then try to count the calories you eat. Whatever you eat, try to figure out the amount of calories you are adding to your body. It takes a little of calculation to figure out the problem. Use them up. If you cannot really stop taking in extra calories, then use them up. The problem is not in the intake of calories but on burning up the calories that are accumulated in the body. Do not let calories go unpunished. Dont be fried. Fried foods  make use of oil or fat. Oil and fat are exactly not good for your body. Stay away from fried foods because, even if oils are drained, internal oils will stay in the food; and you are taking them into your body system. Dont skip meals. If you think skipping a meal means a diet, you are in a perfectly messy thought. Be sure to eat your meals in proper time and proper counts. Three or four serve best. Eat them raw. Say no to canned vegetables they are as processed as the can packaging. Stay away from cooked foods. Preferably, go for raw vegetables. If you are cooking the vegetables, you are throwing half of the nutrients; and you are wasting the bucks. Egg means zero. If you love eating eggs, you are inviting cholesterol. Eggs are good if taken three or four times a week. Do not make them your everyday helpful meal. Keep the price. Some people dont eat chocolates because of the price. However, with the entry of various affordable chocolates, its so hard to resist. It is important to keep the price of chocolates; eat them only at times or on occasions. Scattering is always good. If you think you will be healthy by sticking to certain types of food, you are not in the middle of truth. It is very important to eat the right kind of foods from all food groups to keep your body in great health and to fully keep the stomach in great work. Say no to alcohol beverages; they will burn you down. Beers and beverages will make you fat. Alcohol in the body will cause disruption in the metabolism of the body and it will be very hard for you to handle the appetite swings after the alcohol subsided. Keep breakfast abreast. If you like jogging in the woods every morning, it is greatly advised to eat breakfast one after. It will supply the energy needs of the body and to replace what has been used during the jog. Weight Loss Tips for Eating: Go for carbs. Notions about carbohydrates are widespread in the web. Your body needs carbohydrates to maintain the energy supply of the body keep that at 50%. Proteins must go in the second. Proteins are responsible in the rebuilding and maintaining basic processes of the body. You must maintain a 25 30% intake of proteins to support repair of cells and other parts of the body. Fewer fats. You need some fats for energy but dont raise it more than 10-15%. Keep that percentage and maintain body weight. Have a vegan week. Vegetables can do wonder for your body. They contain lesser calories but lots of nutrients. It is a big thing that you keep up with the needs of the body by having a simple day for animal-based foods. But for the rest, go for vegetables as long as you can. Meat comes in white. Prefer to eat white meat from fish, tuna, and fowl. Avoid the red meat, like pork and beef, as they contain more than what your body needs. Go for fibrous grains. Instead of going for rice, you can find substitutes, like wheat. They contain higher protein and a great amount of fiber for body processes and digestion (respectively). Cut the pork. Pork is one of the culprits of fatness. If you can stay away from it, it will be very great. However, if you cannot stay away from pork, it is very important to cut the intake. If you will substitute another food for pork, it will be very great. Cut the sugar. Stop your intake for sugar-coated products. If you can get a sugar-free substitute, it would be very great to avoid fatness. Graze them piece by piece. Eating in a big amount at once will cause storage of unused foods. However, if you take in little meals, the body will be able to cope with with the digestion and all food energies will be used up. Cheat a little. Being in a diet is really hard. There are lot of food temptations that you need to avoid. However, if you cant stand seeing somebody eating sumptuously, you can cheat. Take a bite, but nothing more. Fat calculator. Before you eat, you try to find out the fat present. To calculate, each gram of fat is equal to 9 calories. You need to stick to the above plan, do not exceed fat intake. Salt no more. Salt is another silent culprit of fatness and overweight. You need to cut short of your salt intake to ensure weight loss. Turn from table butter to cholesterol-free butter. Table butter contains fats, oil, and a great deal of cholesterol. All these three will make your life a misery by adding pounds per pounds to your body. Substitute table butter with cholesterol-free butter, but still enjoy your meal. Bake them. Can the food be baked? If yes, then dont fry them. Bake the food as much as you can to avoid the oil associated with frying. Fry without oil. Non stick pans will help you to avoid using another quart of oil. You need to avoid oil as much as you can while you are cooking. Boil vegetables. Instead of cooking vegetables, you boil them. Cooking will take away the nutrients of the vegetables. Steaming vegetables will keep the nutrients of the leafy vegan. Most of the leafy vegans, like cabbage, are cooked this way to preserve vitamins. Chew parsley. Ever feeling the need to chew something? Try a parsley. It will do good to keep your teeth from cranking on another chunk of pork. Go low or no fats. Fats and cholesterol are good friends they eat up the health of your cardiovascular muscles. If you just buy wisely, you can get low fat substitutes or even cholesterol-free substitutes. Do not just pick the food and eat them at home because you saw the ad last night. It is important to read the labels. Dont worry with thousands of food manufacturers, you will have a wide range of choices for the low or zero fat substitutes you need. Dont have to crush over crash diets. Crash diet is a regimen that you want to take for a couple of days to lose weight. However, crash diets may really get you crushed. After the crash diet, the biggest tendency, you will surely go double your size. Most crash dieters experience many cravings for the food they miss for the couple of days. Just last week, diet is on the go; but for the current week, another dish party is happening. Teeth are for chewing, not for biting. You have teeth because foods must be chewed; and  not to  be  swallowed directly. It is very important to chew foods properly up to 8 or 12 times. Chewed foods will be digested faster than swallowed ones. It will help the digestive system to burn them, and it will help in reducing the risk of constipation, which will also add problem to weight loss management, Go dry for wines. Sweet wines, are tasty but with the taste, you also need to cope with with the problem of weight gains. Dry wines are fermented longer taking away the sweetness of grapes. It will be good to go for dry wines than sweet glasses. Lets do the exercise day by day, not one single day. Physical fitness does not happen after you lift weights. You need to work it out. Start slowly and increase the pace as you are accustomed to your regimen. Do not worry the body will work for its best. Just keep your pace, things will work best. It takes time; wait for it. Pre-weight management. Before you start any exercise or regimen, be sure to have a point of start. It will be the foundation of the changes. Keep track with the changes most changes in weight happen after two weeks. Just give it a break for two weeks, and you will see the big change. Reward; encourage; be humane. After a series of hardship with weights in the gym, it is time to take a break. For the meantime, you are winning. You motivate yourself by treating yourself to movies or for a book, or anything that will make you happy, except foods. Sometimes, everything pays after hardship and a reward will increase your drive. Weight Loss Tips for Exercise Rest a day, but not a week. The human has its own limitations. You need to take a rest after a series of weight lifting and other exercises. However, do not lay things off. You must be back the soonest possible time. Get out; do it outdoor. If you have time and the area permits, it is very great to exercise outside. Mainly, you will be able to breathe fresh air and enjoy the morning breeze. Secondly, an exercise outdoor will ease out your body from the frustrations and stresses of the day. Be informed. Exercise is not just a physical exercise. There are exercises that will work best for your body. You need to know the different of strength exercises to abdominal workouts. Buying a book or a guide will do good for you and for your way to lose weight. Have a buddy and be encouraged. Being alone is one of the hardest things to consider. Ask another friend who also suffers from the same weight problem. You help him or her; and he or she will motivate you to exercise more and more. Its all about taking a partner to stand with and encourage. A tap in the shoulder will keep you working out or a call, while your lazy in getting out from bed, to keep you in the regimen. Stop when the body says stop. Do not strain your muscles. There are things that you need to consider. Over-fatigue will do much harm to your body. It will not keep your body working for the right moves and intensity. Take a break. It is not a rush contest. Dont go for the rush; take it at a time. Increasing the length of the exercise is a great idea to keep up your muscles and body to lose weight. However, you must not do it in one single blow, otherwise, you will surely go to the hospital for muscle strains. Do the increase gradually and slowly. Just keep the routine and sooner you will be able to increase your time. Make your own exercise schedule and style. Exercise is a personal matter to deal with. It is very important to make your own schedule and style the one that will suit your lifestyle. Not all in the book will work for you you must find out the right set for you. Walk more; stand less. Standing will just keep your body in relaxation but straining position. Try to walk around the corner to keep your blood circulating. Stand more, sit less. Sitting will keep your metabolism low, but if you stand your energies will be used up. Sit more, lie less. Want to lie in bed? Stop it. Sit down and keep your body working. Hey, youre not a couch potato, stop acting like one. If you really love to sit down in a chair and watch television for hours without anything to work on, it is time to kill the television and throw the chair. Find a chair that will not give you the comfort that you need. You dont deserve that now. Dont think this is too cruel it is for your best. Stretch your flex. Your job requires you to sit down for half a day? Well, break the blood lake. It is good to stand up and stretch muscles from time to time. Tele-walk will do good. While taking calls, you can walk in the area. Do not lazily sit down. Be patient forget the elevator, there is none invented yet. Elevators are made to speed up your way. It is good to take the lift while going up the floor. However, if you are going down, and you have nothing to rush for it will be better to trudge the stairs. It is a fine exercise that will keep your lower muscles in great shape. Plus, it will surely burn those stored fats in your body. It is just all about patience. Dont worry, it will surely pay. Quit smoking. Smoking is not the main culprit but the effects of smoking. Smoking may hamper weight loss by altering your food intake. Those who smoke tend to eat a bigger amount of foods than  Ã‚  non-smokers. Run a bit; its not race. Run a day but do not strain your body. Dont worry you wont qualify for the marathon. Walk is better if you cant run. If your doctor advises you not to run, dont. Brisk walking can do the magic. Walk if situation permits. If you need something by the next block, dont ride. You can walk around and enjoy the exercise. Drink black coffee before any workout. Caffeine may increase food intake; but you drink it before work out, the body will be forced to use fats that are stored in your body. However, there is no known evidence to this, but you may try. A caution: Excess of coffee leads to obesity. If you want to drink black coffee, be sure to take it lightly. Take an effort; forget the remote. With everything in your house run by remotes, you will go lazy, and you dont have to take an effort. It is about time to do it manually. If you need to stop the air conditioning system, you stand up and do it. There are things in the house that can be done manually. Reliance on remotes will just keep you in one place; and it will cut short your metabolism. Do it, instead of letting others do it. Most adults tend to tell their kids to do things for them. Well, oldies must be given special care. However, it will also stop your body from moving and exercising. If you can do the job, it is better to do it like turning the television on and off or taking a glass of water. Some others train their dogs to do things for them. You must not let the dog be healthy, and you are obese. Think it. Are you thinking about taking the elevator? Well, think again. Elevators will let you gain weight, go lazy and stand there without anything to work on. Now, before you ride the lift, it is great to think. Alternatively, else take the stairs and enjoy the perspiration. Be wise while watching. Often while you are watching television and faced with commercial breaks, you would look at another channel. A bad idea. It is time to walk a bit outside while commercial breaks are going on. Do not worry breaks are not important. Do not glue yourself to the television set or to the chair. It takes a lot of discipline. Work the joints. While sitting in your office, try to wriggle your toes and fingers. It will greatly help to keep stress away and to let blood flow to the joints of the body. It is a big thing that you do it as often as you can. Dance often. You havent danced for a while? Well, you dont need to have a party to grab a dance. Prepare some music in the room and close the door. Let yourself freely groove. Dont worry, nobody sees you. Just let your hair fall; dance wild; jump more and perspire more. Throw and fetch. You carry a soft disc with you. It will help you cope with with stress. You can throw it when you are angry or whenever you are prompted to do so. It is a great stress reliever. Actually, you are having a great exercise while getting the disc. This is very simple, but you will soon find the best effects of fetching. Embark earlier and walk. If you dont have a schedule to rush for, some walk in the street will do more than riding right to the door. You get down from the cab a block away from your destination, you walk around. It will help you to have a nice exercise while enjoying the day. Pelvic gyrations will help; but dont show it much, its not the dancing pole. The midsection of the body is often left out during exercises. It will be very great to have a time to do stomach crunches and other abdominal exercises. However, for a start pelvic gyrations will be best. You take some gyrations while others are busy doing their own stuff. Tuck your tummy-tacks. Actually, it is not really good to show off those gaits. You look piggish. You wear a belt and bring your tummy into subjection. Be sure to pressure your stomach to keep muscles intact. It will help to tone down your abdomen without much effort. Breathing is as important as jogging. Simple inhales and exhales will keep your abdomen in pressure to keep the air pathways clear. You can do the breathing exercises as often as you can. It can be done anywhere. Yoga will control you. One of the best advantages of yoga is the way to control and discipline the muscles of the body. You will be able to keep your muscles from weight gain. It will surely grab a lot of time, but it will definitely pay. Massage will get partners working. It is very important for partners to stay in fit. There are simple exercises that pairs can do. Simultaneous back scratching will help partners to keep their muscles in pressure. However, it is very important to have another pair to be in hand to avoid partners doing more than expected. Punching pillows is a great past time. If you dont have punching bags at home, you may be tempted to make the face of your partner the bag. To keep you from doing that, it will be very great to punch pillows as much as you can. Whenever you dont anything do, rather than sleeping, you punch pillows. It will help you get an exercise, and it will relieve stress. Jump in stairs. Normal taking up the stairs will do great for you. However, if you have a great leg, it will be great to jump on the steps as you go down. A caution: be sure that your legs and feet are working well to avoid accidents. Dog and you for a run. Do you have a dog at home? Dont keep the dog bored at home. You take a dog for a run. You let the dog lead; keep the pace of the dog. It will surely burn your fats. Dance class enrollment. Dancing is one of the best ways to lose weight. You will be engaging in various activities that will pressure your muscles and will use your energies. There are fast ballroom dances that you can enjoy. Dont go for the slow one because it will just make things worst. Push against the wall. Whenever you can, lean against the wall and make push ups. It is great to keep the pressure on your lower part while making getting your muscles in the arms and upper torso in pressure. Swim. If there is a pool in your area, or a lake will do, it is great to take a swim every now and then. Swimming will surely get all those fats out of your body. It is very important to have the necessary training before you do it. Be athletic. Play team sports like basketball. Basketball will pressure your body to work on until the rest of the game. Table tennis and basketball require you to move from one point to another and the pace is quite fast enough. Sports have addictive effects, once you have played and enjoyed the time, you will surely look for a way to be back. Warm your body up. If you want to get the most out of your exercise, it is very important to keep the 10 minutes warm up. Exercises are good but if you are going to strain your muscles, it will give you the opposite effect. Readiness is a primary requirement to keep your exercises in great pace. Leave your phone and run for it. Taking your phone with you anywhere you go is not a great idea for you. It is great to leave your phone in a place where you can hear it. When someone calls, it will require you to run and reach it. It is a great thing to require movement of your muscles. Exercise in the elevator. If you just cant avoid taking the elevator, it is remarkably great to do some simple stretches. You flex your muscles and do simple wriggling of toes and fingers. These activities are very simple, but it will make your elevator ride worth the time. Check your body. You stand in front of the mirror and try to figure out whats wrong with your body. It is very important to evaluate how you appear. You need to check if tummy fats are still alive. You weigh yourself and evaluate how you have progressed from the day you first weighed yourself. You need to evaluate yourself and recommend to yourself some other things you havent done if there are things you dont like. Bike in the baluster. If your house has a baluster, think crazily. You ride the baluster and imagine yourself taking a bike ride. You pump your legs as if acting like taking a pedal. It will keep the muscles of your body in great shape, and it is a great substitute to real biking. Sit erect. One of the main things that you need to consider is sitting straight in the chair. Do not slouch. As you sit down, try to hide your fats away. You put them inside your body, and you push your chest out. Do it oftentimes to correct your bad posture. Heres the tummy secret. Well, most weight loss people want to get the worst of their tummies. The tummy is the main thing it has a big mind of its own for foods, and it shows off whenever you walk or stand. To eliminate this problem, lets take a drill. You stand erect; you inhale as deep as you can and take your tummy in as hard as you can. As you exhale, be sure not let your tummy out do the exhaling slowly. You do the drill for 60 times in 20 days, and you will see the result. It is very hard for your stomach muscles to be tucked in but sooner as you progress, it will just be as simple as inhale and exhale. WhiteSmoke Writing Index 9 out of 10   Good

Berkeley :: essays research papers

Berkeley As man progressed through the various stages of evolution, it is assumed that at a certain point he began to ponder the world around him. Of course, these first attempts fell short of being scholarly, probably consisting of a few grunts and snorts at best. As time passed on, though, these ideas persisted and were eventually tackled by the more intellectual, so-called philosophers. Thus, excavation of "the external world" began. As the authoritarinism of the ancients gave way to the more liberal views of the modernists, two main positions concerning epistemology and the nature of the world arose. The first view was exemplified by the empiricists, who stated that all knowledge comes from the senses. In opposition, the rationalists maintained that knowledge comes purely from deduction, and that this knowledge is processed by certain innate schema in the mind. Those that belonged to the empiricist school of thought developed quite separate and distinct ideas concerning the nature of the substratum of sensible objects. John Locke and David Hume upheld the belief that sensible things were composed of material substance, the basic framework for the materialist position. The main figure who believed that material substance did not exist is George Berkeley. In truth, it is the immaterialist position that seems the most logical when placed under close scrutiny. The initial groundwork for Berkeley's position is the truism that the materialist is a skeptic. In the writing of his three dialogues, Berkeley develops two characters: Hylas (the materialist) and Philonous (Berkeley himself). Philonous draws upon one central supposition of the materialist to formulate his argument of skepticism against him; this idea is that one can never perceive the real essence of anything. In short, the materialist feels that the information received through sense experience gives a representative picture of the outside world (the representative theory of perception), and one can not penetrate to the true essece of an object. This makes logical sense, for the only way to perceive this real essence would be to become the object itself! Although the idea is logical, it does contain a certain grounding for agnosticism. Let the reader consider this: if there is no way to actually sense the true material essence of anything, and all knowledge in empiricism comes from the senses, then the real material essence can not be perceived and therefore it can not be posited. This deserves careful consideration, for the materialist has been self-proclaimed a skeptic! If the believer in this theory were asked if a mythical beast such as a cyclops existed he would most certainly say no. As part of his reply he might add that because it can not be sensed it

Things They Carried Essay: The Man I Killed -- Things They Carried Ess

The Man I Killed in The Things They Carried  Ã‚   Much can be interpreted by what people write.   The great thing about interpretations is that different writings can be interpreted differently.   Just like in the writings by Tim O'Brien.   His book titled "The Things They Carried," is a very deep and touching collection of stories about the Vietnam War.   The book is written, as a whole under the title "The Things They Carried," but is a collection of many people’s experiences in this destructive war.   One story that is a touching and very intriguing is titled, "The Man I Killed."   If anyone knows anything about Vietnam it is that many lives where lost in this disastrous war.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All through school students are taught the very top layer of the telling of this war.   Such as dates, places that the war took place, and straight statistics of the war.   The parts that are left out are the tragedies, and the permanent scars the war left.   Students are told about the number of deaths that occurred, but they are not told about the lives that were affected, or how disturbing the war r...

Atlantis :: essays research papers

Atlantis Over 11,000 years ago there existed an island nation located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean populated by a noble and powerful race. The people of this land possessed great wealth thanks to the natural resources found throughout their island. The island was a center for trade and commerce. The rulers of this land held sway over the people and land of their own island and well into Europe and Africa. This was the island of Atlantis. Atlantis was the domain of Poseidon, god of the sea. When Poseidon fell in love with a mortal woman, Cleito, he created a dwelling at the top of a hill near the middle of the island and surrounded the dwelling with rings of water and land to protect her. Cleito gave birth to five sets of twin boys who became the first rulers of Atlantis. The island was divided among the brothers with the eldest, Atlas, first King of Atlantis, being given control over the central hill and surrounding areas. At the top of the central hill, a temple was built to honor Poseidon that housed a giant gold statue of Poseidon riding a chariot pulled by winged horses. It was here that the rulers of Atlantis would come to discuss laws, pass judgments, and pay tribute to Poseidon. To facilitate travel and trade, a water canal was cut through of the rings of land and water running south for 5.5 miles (~9 km) to the sea. The city of Atlantis sat just outside the outer ring of water and spread across the plain covering a circle of 11 miles (1.7 km). This was a densely populated area where the majority of the population lived.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beyond the city lay a fertile plain 330 miles (530 km) long and 110 miles (190 km) wide surrounded by another canal used to collect water from the rivers and streams of the mountains. The climate was such that two harvests were possible each year. One in the winter fed by the rains and one in the summer fed by irrigation from the canal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surrounding the plain to the north were mountains which soared to the skies. Villages, lakes, rivers, and meadows dotted the mountains. Besides the harvests, the island provided all kinds of herbs, fruits, and nuts. An abundance of animals, including elephants, roamed the island. For generations the Atlanteans lived simple, virtuous lives. But slowly they began to change. Greed and power began to corrupt them.

Meance Ii Society

Corine James Menace Society II Caine Lawson was dealing with social structure theories and social learning theory. The choices Caine had to make was dealing with his past and he tries to better himself . That conclusion came with different kinds of criminal theories. Social learning theory is the focus on learning socially constructed meanings and beliefs through the association of family and peers. Caine had grown up in a rough black neighborhood filled with poverty, drugs, gangs, and death.This process where we not only learn how to, but the why it’s to engage in criminal acts. Kelvin(O-Dog) reactions were related to latent trait theory and sociocultural theory. The scene were O-Do g shot a guy for nothing. The guy only want a fix from O-Dog and he just shot him for no reason. The sociocltural view shows that gangs are natural response to lower class life and the status generate boys who cannot realize their aspirations by their means. On a cultural level, youth are encourag e to join gangs during periods of social, economic, and cultural turmoil.Clifton Powell- Pernell relates to strain theory includes the scene were he tells caine that he has his blessing to date Ronnie. This is the guy Caine looked up to as a dad. According to this view because of strain and social isolation, have a unique lower-class culture that develops in disappointment. Ronnie played the strain theory dealing with raising a child on her on. The scene where she walks in on Caine shows her son a gun. Chauncy scene related to social theory in acting out insurance fraud.

Personal Classroom Management System Essay

Abstract An effective classroom management is essential for the success of the students. The classroom management plan needs to be strong, but also flexible since not every class is the same and the teacher needs to be able to change around the plan to fit the needs of the current class. To construct my own classroom management plan, I have borrowed some ideas from classes I have taken throughout my college career and through my own experiences as a student. My Personal Classroom Management System. In this paper I will attempt to explain my personal classroom management system. I will begin by describing the classroom conditions I will provide for my students. I will specify the behavioral goals for my students and the ways in which I want them to conduct themselves. I will elaborate on how I will grade and assess my students. I will conclude by explaining classroom procedures and how I will intervene when a student is misbehaving. Classroom Environment I believe that it is important to create a safe and encouraging environment for my students. The classroom should be a place where the students feel comfortable asking questions and expressing themselves. No student should feel embarrassed to ask questions or voice opinions. I will explain to my students that we are our own community and everyone has a role to do if the community is to work correctly. I plan to create this type of environment by establishing rules, procedures, and routines for my students to understand and follow. I feel that giving students a daily routine to follow it helps to them to develop personal responsibility. Every morning I will greet my students at the door. By doing this I can see my students in the hallway to make sure that they are following the school rules, but I can also see the students inside the classroom to make sure that they are following our classroom rules and beginning their daily routines. The first thing my students will need to do is find their assigned seating and begin their bell work. This helps them learn responsibility and start the day off productively. I will also have end of the day routines for the students to follow. Twenty minutes before the end of school I will have the students  gather their belongings and pack their backpacks. We will also use this time to clean and organize the classroom so it will be in order for the next day. I want to create an environment where my students and I can learn from our various cultures and backgrounds. I want to have a weekly class session where one student is picked to share something they love about their family’s culture and traditions. This will make all my students feel important and I feel this will also help my students who may be ESL students feel comfortable and help them succeed in school. Parental Involvement  I will develop a relationship with parents at the beginning of the school year. Communication between the parents, students and me is extremely important. I will contact parents to give them good news about their students and not just contact them when their child is misbehaving. I will create a monthly newsletter which I will send home with my students and post on the school website. This newsletter will let the parents know what will be going on in our classroom. This will also give them the opportunity to volunteer for different activities and help them become more involved in their child’s education. Class Rules, Rewards & Consequences In order for my students to be successful throughout the school year, they learn and follow the rules starting on the first day of school. In my classroom the rules that must be followed are: 1. Respect and follow all school rules 2. Respect others and their belongings 3. No hitting, touching or using bad language 4. Raise your hand before speaking or leaving your seat 5. Always do your best These rules will be posted in my classroom on the first day of class. We will create a few more rules together as a class during the first week of school as well. We will spend the first two weeks of school reviewing our classroom rules. According to Wong’s Pragmatic classroom students who spend the first two weeks of school reviewing class rules learn better and conduct themselves accordingly (Charles, 132). This will help give my students ownership on their behavior. I will send two copies of the rules home for the students to give to their parents. I will ask that both the students and the parents sign one copy and return it to me and post one copy at home that can be viewed daily. I will also post a progress chart in the classroom for all students to view. The chart will cover the student’s weekly behavior starting fresh each day. At the end of the week students will be able to choose a reward based on the number of gold stars they have. Some examples of rewards include choosing a book to read when finished with class work, choosing a prize from the treasure box, being the daily helper, and being the line leader for the day. I will also use lots of positive praise and behavioral narration to encourage my students to do their best daily. There will also be consequences when the rules are not followed. These consequences will be discussed with both the students and the parents at the beginning of the year. The following are examples of the consequences: 1. Loss of picking from the treasure chest 2. Time taken from recess 3. Time spent in detention before or after school 4. A call to parents 5. A visit to the principal’s office 6. In extreme cases immediate suspension Grading and Assessment I believe it’s important to use a variety of tools to assess students. This is because all students learn in a variety of ways. I plan to use both informal and formal assessment procedures in my classroom. Homework will be used as a study tool and an extension of the daily lesson and therefore will not be graded. Homework will be used for participation points. Instead of grading it I will stamp the assignment to show that the student was given participation points for effort. All assessments will be aligned with the state standards and curriculum. The grading policy and rubrics will be made available for the students and their parents at all times. When I give tests I will only test students on materials we have covered during that week and never use gotcha questions. Students will be allowed to do make up tests if they fail and would like a better grade. Classroom Procedures Everyday my students will be expected to come into the classroom, take their seats and immediately start on their bell work. All pencils should be sharpened before the bell rings. This means students need to get to class on time. When class work is finished early, students will have the choice of choosing a book from our class library or free writing in their writing journals. Bathroom breaks will be taken individually throughout the day and as a class before and after lunch and recess. These are some of the procedures I will implement: Morning Procedures †¢Greet teacher and classmates as you enter the room †¢Unload backpack, sharpen pencils and place supplies on desk †¢Begin bell work Desk Procedures †¢No food, candy or toys allowed at your desk †¢Keep your hands and feet on/under your own desk and not in the aisle †¢Keep the area around your desk clean Line Up/Leaving Procedure †¢Quietly form two orderly lines †¢Keep your hands to yourself/arms crossed †¢No talking in the hallway †¢No running or pushing while in line †¢When leaving the room one line will follow the other to form one line in the hallway Intervention Plan Before deciding on a plan, I will observe, reflect, consult with the student, parents and coworkers, and outline ideas that may correct problematic behaviors viewed in the classroom. After considering the behavior of the child, I will reflect on the role of the environment and classroom routines, and the interactions of the child with fellow students and teachers. I will  be sure to take advantage of the use of specialized staff members, such as the school psychologist and speech therapist, within the school system who are willing to assist me with my plan. This plan will be constructed on an individual basis as not all students will respond to the same methods. Once the plan is implemented, I will observe for positive changes and make adjustments accordingly after a follow up meeting with the parents, student and specialists involved in constructing the initial plan. Reference Charles, C. M. (1999). Building Classroom Discipline. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Foreign Direct Investment: An Overview Essay

What is Foreign Direct Investment? Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as a long-term investment by a foreign direct investor in an enterprise resident in an economy other than that in which the foreign direct investor is based. The FDI relationship consists of a parent enterprise and a foreign affiliate which together form a transnational corporation (TNC). In order to qualify as FDI the investment must afford the parent enterprise control over its foreign affiliate. The UN defines control in this case as owning 10% or more of the ordinary shares or voting power of an incorporated firm or its equivalent for an unincorporated firm. Understanding Foreign Direct Investment Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an extraordinary and growing role in global business. It can provide a firm with new markets and marketing channels, cheaper production facilities, access to new technology, products, skills and financing. For a host country or the foreign firm which receives the investment, it can provide a source of new technologies, capital, processes, products, organizational technologies and management skills, and as such can provide a strong impetus to economic development. Foreign direct investment, in its classic definition, is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country. In recent years, given rapid growth and change in global investment patterns, the definition has been broadened to include the acquisition of a lasting management interest in a company or enterprise outside the investing firm’s home country. As such, it may take many forms, such as a direct acquisition of a foreign firm, construction of a facility, or investment in a joint venture or strategic alliance with a local firm with attendant input of technology, licensing of intellectual property, In the past decade, FDI has come to play a major role in the internationalization of business. Reacting to changes in technology, growing liberalization of the national regulatory framework governing investment in enterprises, and changes in capital markets profound changes have occurred in the size, scope and methods of FDI. New information technology systems, decline in global communication costs have made management of foreign investments far easier than in the past. The sea change in trade and investment policies and the regulatory environment globally in the past decade, including trade policy and tariff liberalization, easing of restrictions on foreign investment and acquisition in many nations, and the deregulation and privatization of many industries, has probably been the most significant catalyst for FDI’s expanded role. The most profound effect has been seen in developing countries, where yearly foreign direct investment flows have increased from an average of less than $10 billion in the 1970’s to a yearly average of less than $20 billion in the 1980’s, to explode in the 1990s from $26.7billion in 1990 to $179 billion in 1998 and $208 billion in 1999 and now comprise a large portion of global FDI. Proponents of foreign investment point out that the exchange of investment flows benefits both the home country (the country from which the investment originates) and the host country (the destination of the investment). The push factors indicate the benefits to the investors and the pull factors to the host countries. First, international flows of capital reduce the risk faced by owners of capital by allowing them to diversify their lending and investment. Second, FDI allows capital to seek out the highest rate of return. Third, FDI helps to expand market. For the host countries, it can contribute to the general development as well as to the poverty reduction objective in a variety of ways. Major benefits to host countries are as follows: †¢ FDI allows transfer of technology—particularly in the form of new varieties of capital inputs—that cannot be achieved through financial investments or trade in goods and services. FDI can also promote competition in the domestic input market. †¢ Recipients of FDI often gain employee training in the course of operating the new businesses, which contributes to human capital development in the host country. †¢ Profits generated by FDI contribute to corporate tax revenues in the host country. Thus, it contributes not only to the direct source of investment but also to the government revenue. †¢ FDI helps to integrate the host countries economy to the global economy. Determinants of FDI FDI is the investment decision of profit-maximising firms facing world-wide competition and where significant differences in cost structures (due to say, factor productivity, wage differential) justify cross-border investment and production. a. Institutional features of the host country: degree of political stability and government intervention in the economy; the existence of property law legislation; the property and tax system; adequate infrastructure, etc. b. Economic factors: trade and investment regime; the degree of â€Å"openness† of the host countries, the absorptive capacity and growth prospects of the host country; fix and variable costs of production relocation; the degree of monopolistic competition which prevents the entry of other (domestic and foreign firms; general macroeconomic performance (inflation, monetary and fiscal policy) etc. c. Policy related factors: Fiscal (tax rebates and exemptions) and financial incentives (subsidized loans), laws that restrict FDI in certain sectors on the ground of political sensitivity of certain industries (oil, broadcasting, etc.); policy that restricts the degree of foreign ownership, (temporal or permanent) the remittance of interest, dividends and fees for technology and the shares allowed to foreign -owned firms through limits on capital repatriation, minimum investment, etc. d. Characteristics of the labor force: education, skills, etc. Some features of world FDI activity a. The sharp increases in world FDI activities that started after 1985. b. Increased activity and concentration of FDI. Indeed, in the 1990s, FDI has become one of the most important sources of external finance in developing countries. USA has become the largest host country in international capital markets, receiving capital from both Japan and Europe. Japan has emerged as a major home country of FDI outflows. c. Developing countries have liberalized financial markets and offered special incentives (lower taxes, subsidies for infrastructure, etc) to attract FDI in the hope of acquiring technological transfer, know-how, and in general, positive externalities. Basic types of FDI  · Greenfield investment: direct investment in new facilities or the expansion of existing facilities. Greenfield investments are the primary target of a host nation’s promotional efforts because they create new production capacity and jobs, transfer technology and know-how, and can lead to linkages to the global marketplace. However, it often does this by crowding out local industry; multinationals are able to produce goods more cheaply (because of advanced technology and efficient processes) and uses up resources (labor, intermediate goods, etc). Another downside of greenfield investment is that profits from production do not feed back into the local economy, but instead to the multinational’s home economy. This is in contrast to local industries whose profits flow back into the domestic economy to promote growth.  · Mergers and Acquisitions: transfers of existing assets from local firms to foreign firms takes place; the primary type of FDI. Cross-border mergers occur when the assets and operation of firms from different countries are combined to establish a new legal entity. Cross-border acquisitions occur when the control of assets and operations is transferred from a local to a foreign company, with the local company becoming an affiliate of the foreign company. Unlike greenfield investment, acquisitions provide no long term benefits to the local economy– even in most deals the owners of the local firm are paid in stock from the acquiring firm, meaning that the money from the sale could never reach the local economy.  · Horizontal Foreign Direct Investment: investment in the same industry abroad as a firm operates in at home.  · Vertical Foreign Direct Investment: Takes two forms: 1) Backward vertical FDI: where an industry abroad provides inputs for a firm’s domestic production process. 2) Forward vertical FDI: in which an industry abroad sells the outputs of a firm’s domestic production. FDI based on the motives of the investing firm FDI can also be categorized based on the motive behind the investment from the perspective of the investing firm:  · Resource Seeking: Investments which seek to acquire factors of production that are more efficient than those obtainable in the home economy of the firm. In some cases, these resources may not be available in the home economy at all (e.g. cheap labor and natural resources). This typifies FDI into developing countries, for example seeking natural resources in the Middle East and Africa, or cheap labor in Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe.  · Market Seeking: Investments which aim at either penetrating new markets or maintaining existing ones. FDI of this kind may also be employed as defensive strategy; it is argued that businesses are more likely to be pushed towards this type of investment out of fear of losing a market rather than discovering a new one.  · Efficiency Seeking: Investments which firms hope will increase their efficiency by exploiting the benefits of economies of scale and scope, and also those of common ownership. It is suggested that this type of FDI comes after either resource or market seeking investments have been realized, with the expectation that it further increases the profitability of the firm. Importance of FDI Making a direct foreign investment allows companies to accomplish several tasks: Avoiding foreign government pressure for local production. Circumventing trade barriers, hidden and otherwise. Making the move from domestic export sales to a locally-based national sales office. Capability to increase total production capacity. Opportunities for co-production, joint ventures with local partners, joint marketing arrangements, licensing, etc. What do companies considering FDI require? Depending on the industry sector and type of business, a foreign direct investment may be an attractive and viable option. With rapid globalization of many industries and vertical integration rapidly taking place on a global level, at a minimum a firm needs to keep abreast of global trends in their industry. From a competitive standpoint, it is important to be aware of whether a company’s competitors are expanding into a foreign market and how they are doing that. At the same time, it also becomes important to monitor how globalization is affecting domestic clients. Often, it becomes imperative to follow the expansion of key clients overseas if an active business relationship is to be maintained. New market access is also another major reason to invest in a foreign country. At some stage, export of product or service reaches a critical mass of amount and cost where foreign production or location begins to be more cost effective. Any decision on investing is thus a combination of a number of key factors including: assessment of internal resources, competitiveness, market analysis market expectations. From an internal resources standpoint, does the firm have senior management support for the investment and the internal management and system capabilities to support the set up time as well as ongoing management of a foreign subsidiary? Has the company conducted extensive market research involving both the industry, product and local regulations governing foreign investment which will set the broad market parameters for any investment decision? Is there a realistic assessment in place of what resource utilization the investment will entail? Has information on local industry and foreign investment regulations, incentives, profit retention, financing, distribution, and other factors been completely analyzed to determine the most viable vehicle for entering the market (greenfield, acquisition, merger, joint venture, etc.)? Has a plan been drawn up with reasonable expectations for expansion into the market through that local vehicle? If the foreign economy, industry or foreign investment climate is characterized by government regulation, have the relevant government agencies been contacted and concurred? Have political risk and foreign exchange risk been factored into the business plan? Policies to attract Foreign Direct Investment There is keen competition among developed and developing countries to attract foreign direct investment (FDI).This drive to lure investment often extends to the sub national level, with different regional authorities pursuing their own strategies and assembling their own baskets of incentives to attract new investments. Various reforms and strategies have been implemented, with mixed results. Some are critical of the high costs of many of these initiatives, arguing that it would be more rewarding to improve a country’s general business environment. The many different methods used by policymakers to attract FDI and their effectiveness are as follows:  · providing targeted fiscal incentives, such as tax concessions, cash grants, and specific subsidies;  · improving domestic infrastructure;  · promoting local skills development to meet investor needs and expectations;  · establishing broad-reaching FDI promotion agencies;  · improving the regulatory environment and decreasing red tape; and  · engaging in international governing arrangements. Promotional efforts to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) have become the important point of competition among developed and developing countries. This competition is also maintained when countries are adopting economic integration at another level. While some countries lowering standards to attract FDI in a â€Å"race to the bottom,† others praise FDI for raising standards and welfare in recipient countries. Countries have adopted their respective policies for attracting more investment. Some countries rely on targeted financial concessions like tax concessions, cash grants and specific subsidies. Some countries focus on improving the infrastructure and skill parameter and creating a base meet the demands and expectations of foreign investors. Others try to improve the general business climate of a country by changing the administrative barriers and red tapism. Many governments have created state agencies to help investors through this administrative paperwork. Finally most of the countries have entered into international governing arrangements to increase their attractiveness for more investment. Sound investment climate is crucial for economic growth. Microeconomic reforms aimed at simplifying business regulations, strengthening property rights, improving labor market flexibility, and increasing firms’ access to finance are necessary for raising living standards and reducing poverty in a country. Reform is necessary for creating an investment-oriented climate. Reform management matters as investment climate reforms are done politically. They often favor unorganized over organized groups and the benefits tend to accrue only in the long term, while costs are felt up front. Political decisions play a significant role in this context. Each and every country over the globe is stepping forward to change the climate for attracting more investment. Opening up of doors by most of the nations have compelled them for adopting reforms. Relaxation of rules and regulations, of course, is an essential requirement but not sufficient on its own to bring in FDI. As the study points out, business rules in India still bar FDI in most sectors. It was only last February that the government there decided to allow FDI of upto 51 percent in the single brand retail sector, which is expected to trigger a new flurry of investment. As things stand, Pakistan is far ahead of India in terms of offering all kinds of incentives to foreign investors – although some administrative bottlenecks still remain to be removed. It also boasts a high economic growth rate and there exists a consensus among all political forces on following the market economy model. Still, it has failed to catch the fancy of foreign investors at the desired level. The designated target was to raise foreign investment from 1 billion dollars to 27 billion dollars during a five-year period. That target is nowhere near realization. The government claims to have brought foreign investment to the 3 billion dollars mark this year. But that is a fallacious claim since the money has come in on account of privatization of government-owned entities. There has only been a transfer of assets from the public sector into private hands; no new generation of activity in the retail or production sector, which is badly wanted to address the twin problems of poverty and unemployment. The situation underscores the need not only to remove administrative hurdles but also to create ease of operations vis-à  -vis law and order and the socially restrictive atmosphere.